B AN I STE R I A

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A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA

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BOTANICAL GARDEN

Number 9

ISSN 1066-0712

1997

BAN ISTERIA

A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA

ISSN 10660712

Published by the Virginia Natural History Society

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Editorial staff: Banisteria

Co-editors

Joseph C. Mitchell, Department of Biology and School of Continuing Studies
University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 23173

Richard L. Hoffman, Virginia Museum of Natural History,

Martinsville, Virginia 24112

Associate Editors
Botany

Thomas F. Wieboldr, Department of Biology,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State Lhiiversity,

Blacksburg, Virginia 24061

Parasitology

Ralph P. Eckerlin, Natural Sciences Division,

Northern Virginia Community College,

Annandale, Virginia 22003

Entomology

Alfred G. Wheeler, Jr., Department of Entomology
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29634

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1103 Tyler Avenue, Radford, Virginia 24141

Cover: Magnolia virginiana Linnaeus. Original drawing by John Banister, sent to Bishop D. H. Compton in
1689; figure 90 in folio in Sir Hans Sloane’s MS 4002 in the British Museum. This and other Banister
drawings were provided by Joseph and Nesta Ewan.

B AN ISTERI A

A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE NATURAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA

Number 9, 1997

Table of Contents

A Distributional Analysis and Identification Key for Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of the
Clinch and Powell River Systems, Virginia

M.R. Winston, R.J. Neves, P.L. Angermeier and P.S. Lookabaugh . 3

Caddisflies from Greensville County, Virginia

Richard L. Hoffman and Charles R. Parker . 17

New Distributional Records for Rare and Uncommon Odonata in Virginia

Steven M. Roble, Christopher S. Hobson and Dirk J. Stevenson . 33

.An Abnormal Variant of Sweetgum (Liquulambar styraciflua L.) from Caroline County, Virginia

Bruce L. King . 43

Ecological Notes on the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren
Laboratory, King George County, Virginia

Kurt A. Buhlmann and Joseph C. Mitchell . 45

Scotch Broom, A New Host of Two Native Bugs in Virginia (Heteroptera: Alydidae)

A. G. Wheeler, Jr . 5 1

New Distributional Records for the Water Scorpion Nepa apiculata in the Coastal Plain
of Georgia and Virginia

Dirk J. Stevenson and Steven M. Rohle . 54

Freshwater Fishes of an Isolated, Interdunal Freshwater Ecosystem in Northern Virginia Beach, Virginia

Joseph C. Mitchell, Kurt A. Buhlmann and Mitchell D. Norman . 57

Shorter Contributions

Juvenile Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) Stranded by Cold in the Chesapeake Bay
Joseph C. Mitchell, Donald J. Schwab and Gary M. Williamson . 60

The Leaf Beetle Pseuclolampisis guttata (LeConte) in Virginia (Chrysoriielidae: .Alticinae)

Richard L. Hoffman . 61

Miscellanea

Book Review . 63

Obituary . 64

Reports . 65

Announcements . 65

Instructions for Contributors . 66

VNHS Officers

President: C. Barry Knisley, Department of Biology,
Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Virginia 23005

Vice-President: Thomas J. Rawinski, Division of Natural Heritage,
1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, Virginia 23219

Secretary-Treasurer: Anne C. Lund, Department of Biology,
Hampden-Sydney College, Hampden-Sydney, Virginia 23943

Councilor: Richard J. Neves, Department of Fisheries & Wildlife,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute <Sc State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0321

Councilor: Norman J. Fashing, Department of Biology,
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185

Councilor: Judith E. Winston
Virginia Museum of Natural History
Martinsville, Virginia 24112

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

3

A Distributional Analysis and Identification Key
for Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae)
of the Clinch and Powell River Systems, Virginia

Matthew R. Winston
Richard J. Neves
Paul L. Angermeier
Patrick S. Lookabaugh

Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit
Department of Fisheries and W ildlife Sciences
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, VA 2406 I'd 321

INTRODUCTION

Most of the aquatic vertebrate taxa in southwestern
Virginia have been extensively sampled and reported in
the literature. The fishes were covered by Jenkins &
Burkhead (1994) and Masnick (1974), the amphibians by
Tobey (1985), and the reptiles by Mitchell (1994).
However, among the invertebrate groups, only mollusks
(mussels, snails) have received considerable attention
(Neves et al., 1980; Ahlstedt, 1986; Ahlstedt, 1991).
There has been no concerted effort to sample the
crayfishes, which are an ecologically important group of
invertebrates. Consequently, little is known of crayfish
distribution, abundance, and natural history in this area.
There is no regional key to the crayfishes, but experts such
as the late H. H. Hobbs, Jr., R. W. Bouchard, and others
have acknowledged the importance of the upper
Tennessee River and the likely occurrence within its basin
of rare or new species. The high diversity, relative to other
regions, known for aquatic vertebrates and mollusks
should apply to crayfishes as well. It is important,
therefore, to catalog the crayfish species of this region,
describe their distributions, and assess threats to their
continued existence.

Crayfishes are considered to be keystone species in
many of the ecosystems they inhabit, and function as
important predators and prey in many faunal assemblages
(DiStefano, 1993; Hobbs, 1993; Momot, 1995). In

streams and rivers, they are prey to most gamefish species,
converting autochthonous and allochthonous organic
matter to usable nutrients and energy for vertebrate
predators. In the Powell River, Virginia, for example,
crayfishes are the dominant food items in diets of adult
A mbloplites rupestris (rock bass) and Micropterus dolomieu
(smallmouth bass), and crayfish abundance has been
correlated with the abundance and condition of both of
these species (Cummins, 1994). Maintaining crayfish
populations may be essential to sustaining recreational
fishing in this region.

Hie goals of this study were to 1) document

geographic distributions of crayfishes in the Clinch and
Powell river systems in Virginia, and 2) construct a key to
the crayfishes of this region based on external structure
for use by state natural resource managers and amateur
naturalists.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area

The Clinch and Powell rivers, major tributaries to the
upper Tennessee River, flow roughly parallel and join at
Norris Lake about 20 km south of the

Virginia/Tennessee line (Fig. 1). Their catchments span
two physiographic provinces, the Valley and Ridge to the
southeast and the Cumberland Plateau to the northwest

4

BAN1STER1A

NO. 9, 1997

(Fig. 1). Both rivers are 6thorder when they cross the state
line. They feature well-developed, pool-riffle fluvial
morphology.

Qualitative Sampling

Crayfishes were sampled at 109 sites from summer
1992 to spring 1996 (Fig. 1). Exact location data for each
site are available in Winston et al. (1996). Sample sites
were located in a variety of lotic systems, from river
mainstems to lst-order tributaries and springs, including
many of the largest springs in the region (Collins, 1930).
Sampling methods, seasons, and personnel varied during
the project. Collection effort was not standardized, nor do
we know how much effort would be required to collect all
species in an area. Sufficient effort to collect common
species at a site was based on the experience of the
principal collector (P. S. Lookabaugh or M. R. Winston).
In sumfner 1992, P. S. Lookabaugh and assistants
sampled 35 sites by electroshocking. During the summers
of 1993 and 1994, P. S. Lookabaugh and an assistant
sampled 48 sites using a handheld net while snorkeling,
or by excavating bankside burrows. During fall 1995 and

spring 1996, 26 sites were sampled, mostly by M. R.
Winston and an assistant. Riverbank burrows were
excavated, whereas streams were sampled by lifting rocks
and chasing crayfishes into a seine. Most preserved
crayfishes from these surveys were deposited with the
Virginia Museum of Natural Flistory in Martinsville;
reference specimens were kept at the Department of
Fisheries and W ildlife Sciences, VPI&cSU, in Blacksburg.

Identification of Species

Voucher specimens were identified by Dr. R. W.
Bouchard, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.
These identifications, along with extant keys and
descriptions (Hobbs, 1972, 1981, 1989; Hobbs <Sc
Bouchard, 1994; Jezerinac et al., 1995), were used to
construct a key for identification of crayfish species in the
Clinch and Powell river systems.

Subgeneric categories used in this study were based on
Hobbs (1989) and Fitzpatrick (1987). The monophyly of
the genus O rconectes and Fitzpatrick's subgeneric
designations based on morphological characters have
recently been questioned by molecular evidence (Crandall

TN

Fig. 1. The 109 sites sampled for crayfishes during this study. Only 4thorder or larger streams of the Clinch and Powell
river systems in southwest Virginia are shown. Hie dotted line shows the approximate boundary between the Valley and
Ridge and Cumberland Plateau physiographic provinces.

WINSTON ETAL: CRAYFISHES

5

& Fitzpatrick, 1996; Fetzner, 1996). However, because no
alternative classification has been offered, Fitzpatrick's
system is used here.

RESULTS
Species Accounts

Nine species were collected at the 109 sites sampled in
the Clinch and Powell systems in Virginia. An additional
species was collected in the Clinch system just across the
state line in Tennessee (see below). None of these species
was considered rare by Taylor et al. (1996). A maximum
of three species was collected together in streams and two
species in burrows. Crayfish were present in all
permanent waters. A key for identifying these species is
provided in Table T, a glossary of terms used in the text
and the key is provided in Table 2.

Cambarus (C ambarus) angularis Hobbs (Sc Bouchard

This species, endemic to the Clinch, Powell, and
Holston systems, was described recently by Hobbs <Sc
Bouchard (1994). We collected it throughout the Clinch
and Powell systems (Fig. 2), in small and large streams, at
high and low elevations, and in both physiographic
provinces. It was most readily collected in medium to
small streams, and was the only species found in small
headwater streams and springs. Its color ranged from
reddish-brown in Valley and Ridge populations to
yellowish-brown in Cumberland Plateau populations.

Most collections made from 1992 to 1994 contained
only Form-II males, but the Cambarus (Cambarus)
specimens were still identifiable as C. angularis because
they had thickened rostral margins. There were some sites,
however, where Form-II males did not show thickened
rostral margins. Since these coidd have been C. bartonn,
these sites were resampled in the fall and spring. All male
Cambarus ( Cambarus ) collected were Form-I C. angulans.

Cambarus (Cambarus) bartonii cavatus Hay

This species was collected at only one site (Fig. 2). The
Form-I male collected there was readily differentiated from
C. angulans by a narrow areola and the lack of thickened
rostral margins. The Form-II male collected was identified
as C. bartonii cavatus rather than C. angulans because it,
like the Form-I male, was collected from a burrow and had
a narrow areola. (Cambarus angulans always has a wide
areola and has never been collected from burrows
(personal observation; Hobbs <Sc Bouchard, 1994).

Cambarus bartonii cavatus may be more widespread
than indicated by our one collection. Finding and
sampling crayfishes that live in burrows is time-intensive,
which usually makes for small sample sizes. The presence
of such species may go undetected unless concerted effort
is made to collect them.

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) dubius Faxon

This species was collected from burrows throughout
the Clinch and Powell systems, including the site where
we found C. bartonii cavatus (Fig. 3). We collected two
color types: one had a bright blue body and orange-tipped
fingers on the chelae; the other had an orange body and
chelae. This species was relatively easy to collect in marshy
areas and at the edges of very small streams with low
banks. We collected several from the edges of larger
streams, but this was more difficult because of the greater
depths of the burrows.

Cambarus (Jugicambarus) parvoculus Hobbs <Sc Shoup

This species was collected only in the mainstem of the
North Fork Powell River (Fig. 3), where it was un¬
common. The population is at the extreme edge of the
species range (Hobbs & Shoup, 1947; Hobbs, 1969).
Most individuals collected were brown, but some had a
light blue tinge. The best way to differentiate this species
from C. dubius is to examine the gonopods of Form-I
males. .Although C. parvoculus is found in rocky streams
and C. dubius generally in burrows, the latter is also
sometimes found in rocky streams (Jezerinac et al., 1995).

Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) longirostns Faxon

This species was collected throughout the Valley and
Ridge province, but only once from the Cumberland
Plateau (Fig. 4). The specimen from the Cumberland
Plateau was unusual in that it somewhat resembled the C.
angulans with which it was found. We collected the
greatest numbers of C. longirostns in riffles of the upper
Clinch River, Copper Creek, and Little River. Individuals
from Copper Creek were especially spectacular, with
orange-red coloration, a black saddle pattern, pastel blue
on the sides of the carapace, and large chelae (see James
[1966] and Hobbs [1981] for further discussion of this
species).

Cambarus (Puncticambarus) buntingi Bouchard

This species was temporarily named 'species D' by
Hobbs (1969) and described by Bouchard (1973).
Bouchard (1973), Hobbs (1989), and Taylor et al. (1996)

6

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Fig. 2. C. (C.) angularis was found at 64 sites; C. (C.) bartonii cavatus was found at one site.

Fig. 3. C. (J.) dubius was found at 14 sites; C. (J.) parvoculus was found at three sites.

WINSTON ETAL.: CRAYFISHES

7

did not include it in the Virginia cambarid fauna, but
Hobbs (1969) and Bouchard (1975b) indicated its
presence in the state. We collected it only on the
Cumberland Plateau, mainly from the North Fork Powell
River and Guest River (Fig. 4), where it was common.
Color was a distinctive green.

Orconectes (Crockerinus) enchsonianus (Faxon)

This species was collected only from Copper Creek,
lower Clinch River, and North Fork Clinch River (Fig. 5),
and was uncommon in these locations, which are at the
northern edge of its range (Hobbs 1981; 1989). We
collected it with Orconecto ( Procericambarus ) forceps (Faxon)
but never with Orconectes ( Procericambarus ) putnami
(Faxon). It is similar to O. putnami in general mien, and
both species are bluish-green in color. The central
projection of the gonopod (first pleopod) of Form-I males
in our O. enchsonianus samples comprised about one-third
of the total length of the appendage, which is at or near
the upper extremes reported in the literature (Hobbs

1981; Fitzpatrick 1987).

Orconectes (Procericambarus) putnami (Faxon)

This species was common and widespread in the
northern and higher elevation areas of the Clinch and
Powell river systems, but was generally absent from the
southern, low elevation sites (Fig. 5). This is the same
species identified as O. spinosus in Jezerinac et al. (1995).

Orconectes (Procericambarus) forceps (Faxon)

This species was collected only in southern, low-
elevation sites (Fig. 6), where abundance varied from rare
to common. Large males were striking in appearance, with
long chelae and widely gaping fingers. The mottled black
pattern on a light brown background is reminiscent of the
shadows made by sunlight shining through rippled water.

Orconectes (Procericambarus) rusticus (Girard)

This species was not found in Virginia, but was
common in the Clinch River system in Tennessee, 20 km
south of the Virginia line. Nineteen specimens were

Fig. 4. C. (H.) longirostris was found at 34 sites; C. (P.) buntingi was found at seven sites.

8

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Fig. 5. O. (C.) erichsonianus was found at five sites; O. (P-) putnami was found at 47 sites.

Fig. 6. O. (P.) forceps was found at ten sites.

WINSTON ETAL.: CRAYFISHES

9

collected, along with specimens of O. forceps and C.
longirostris. They were collected while electrofishing on 25
August 1992, in Indian Creek, a tributary to Norris
Reservoir, Grainger County, Tennessee. Three other
streams in this area, Big War, Big Sycamore, and Swan
creeks, also were sampled, but O. rusticus was not found.
This species is not native to the upper Tennessee River
(Bouchard, 1975a).

Distributional Patterns

The ten species of crayfishes collected in the Clinch
and Powell river systems can be classified as ubiquitous,
regionally restricted, or rare. Cambarus angularis and C.
dubius were ubiquitous; i.e., they were collected
throughout the systems. Cambarus bartonii cavatus and 0.
rusticus were rare; i.e., each was collected at only one site.
The other six species were regionally restricted.

The, most widespread of the regionally restricted
species, O. putnami, was collected throughout the
northern two-thirds of the region, but only once in the
southern one-third of the region (Fig. 5). Complementary
to this were the distributions of O. erichsomanus and O.
forceps which, with the exception of one northern
occurrence of O. forceps in the mainstem Clinch River,
were collected only in the southern one-third of the
region (Figs. 5, 6). Streams from the southern one-third of
the region are generally lower in elevation and channel
slope than streams in the northern part of the region.

The second most widespread of the regionally
restricted species, C. longirostris, was collected in many
locations in the Valley and Ridge province but only once
in the Cumberland Plateau (Fig. 4). Complementary to
this were the distributions of C. parvoculus and C. buntingi,
which were collected exclusively in the Cumberland
Plateau (Figs. 3, 4). The three main tributaries in this
region are the North Fork Powell River, the upper Powell
River, and Guest River (Clinch tributary). Cambarus
parvoculus was collected only in the North Fork Powell
River (Fig. 3), whereas C. buntingi was collected there and
in the Guest River (Fig. 4). Why neither species was
collected in the upper Powell River, an area between the
North Fork Powell River and the Guest River, is unclear.
Further collecting, especially in the mainstem of the upper
Powell River, may reveal that these species occur there as
well.

Some stream-size associations were evident. Cambarus
angularis was collected in all sizes of streams, but it was the
only species collected in headwater streams and springs.
Cambarus longirostris was the most commonly collected
crayfish in riffles of medium-sized streams, but was not

collected in the larger rivers (Fig. 4). The Orconectes
species, however, were often collected in the mainstem
rivers (Figs. 5, 6).

These patterns were similar to those seen for fishes of
the region (Angermeier et al., 1996), which exhibited
distributional associations with stream size, physiography,
elevation, and channel slope. However, they differed in
that the crayfishes seemed to be more regionally restricted.
For example, no fishes were restricted to the Cumberland
Plateau, unlike the pattern seen for C. parvoculus and C.
buntingi. Similarly, the demarcation between northern and
southern species was not as clear for fishes as for the
pattern seen for O. putnami versus O. erichsomanus and O.
forceps.

DISCUSSION
Threats and Conservation

Displacement of native species by introduced species
seems to be a common occurrence with crayfishes
(Schwartz et al., 1963; Rorer (Sc Capelli, 1978; Hill (Sc
Lodge, 1994; Light et al., 1995; Soderback, 1995). One of
these species proven to be invasive, O. rusticus, was
documented before 1975 from Norris Reservoir at the
confluence of the Clinch and Powell rivers (Bouchard,
1975a). Our data showed that it had not spread upstream,
but the situation bears watching.

As part of any plan to conserve the present crayfish
diversity in the Clinch and Powell river systems of
Virginia, the two stream species with the most restricted
distributions, C. parvoculus and O. erichsomanus, should be
monitored. In Virginia, C. parvoculus seems to be
restricted to the mainstem of the North Fork Powell River
above Pennington Gap, and O. erichsomanus is restricted
to Copper Creek and the North Fork Clinch River
downstream of Duffield. A single toxic spill could
eliminate the population of C. parvoculus. If O. ritsticics
were to expand its range and threaten to displace other
species, O.' erichsomanus might be the most vulnerable
because of its low population numbers and the
population's proximity to Norris Lake. Orconectes
erichsomanus may also require good habitat quality, since it
inhabits only those locations shown by Angermeier <Sc
Smogor (1993) to have high biotic integrity.

Need for Additional Surveys

Neither C. buntingi nor O. putnami were listed among
the 22 native and two introduced species in the latest
checklist for Virginia (Taylor et al., 1996). With the

10

BAN1STERIA

NO. 9, 1997

addition of these species, the nine species collected in the
Clinch and Powell river systems in Virginia represent 34
percent of the 26 native species known from Virginia.
The three forks of the Holston River (the other Tennessee
River headwaters in Virginia) may support many of the
same species; however, a systematic survey of this region
will be required before species composition can be
verified. Of the nine species reported herein, only C.
bartonii cavatus and C. dubitis are native to Virginia outside
of the Tennessee River system. We recently collected O.
putnami in Tom's Creek (New River drainage) near
Blacksburg. This may be the introduced species called
Orconectes juvenilis by Hobbs & Walton (1966) and O.
spinosus by Rorer <Sc Capelli (1978). The most compre-
hensive information on the crayfishes of the New River
drainage in Virginia is 30 years old (Hobbs et al., 1967).

Many crayfish species, especially those in the same
subgenus, are difficult to distinguish. As emphasized by
Hobbs (1972), identification of these species often
requires Form-I males. In the present study, we returned
to the rivers in the fall and spring to collect Forrnd males,
in order to help identify the summer-collected Form-II
males and females. This was the case for C. angularis/C.
bartonii cavatus, C. dubius/C. parvoculus, and O.
erichsonianus/O. putnami. For the two C ambarus pairs, even
with specimens of Form-I males in hand, the Formdl
males could not be identified with complete confidence.
Therefore, in order to maximize cost-effectiveness and
accuracy, future surveys for crayfishes in Virginia should
be undertaken in the fall and spring whenever possible.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Robert Allen and Mary W inston helped with the field
work. Kevin Leftwich was in charge of everything for a
short while. Braven Beaty, Dan Dorosheff, and Jess Jones
critiqued the identification key. John Cooper provided a
thorough and very useful review that greatly improved the
manuscript. Our thanks go to them all. This work was
funded by the Nongame Program of the Virginia
Department of Game and Inland Fisheries.

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eastern Tennessee and Virginia. Jeffersoniana 5:1-13.

Hobbs, H. H., Jr., P. C. Holt, & M. Walton. 1967. The
crayfishes and their epizootic ostracod and
branchiobdellid associates of the Mountain Fake,
Virginia, region. Proceedings of the United States
National Museum 123(3602): 1-84.

Hobbs, H. H., Jr., <Sc C. S. Shoup. 1947. Two new
crayfishes (Decapoda, Astacidae) from the Obey River

drainage in Tennessee. The Journal of the Tennessee
Academy of Science 22(2): 138-145.

Hobbs, H. H., Jr., (Sc M. Walton. 1966. Orconectes Juvenils
[sic] (Hagen) in Mountain Fake, Virginia: an unplanned
experiment in interspecific competition (Decapoda,
Astacidae). Virginia Journal of Science 17:136-140.

Hobbs, H. H., III. 1993. Trophic relationships of North
American freshwater crayfishes and shrimps.
Contributions in Biology and Geology, Milwaukee Public
Museum, No. 85. 110 pp.

James, H. A. 1966. Range and variations of subspecies of
Cambarus longulus (Decapoda, Astacidae). Proceedings of
the United States National Museum 119(3544): 1-24.

Jenkins, R. E., <Sc N. M. Burkhead. 1994. Freshwater
fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
Maryland. 1,080 pp.

Jezerinac, R. F., G. W. Stocker, <Sc D. C. Tarter. 1995.
The crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) of West Virginia.
Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. 193 pp.

Fight, T., D. C. Erman, C. Myrick, <Sc J. Clark. 1995.
Decline of the shasta crayfish ( Pacifastacus fords Faxon) of
northeastern California. Conservation Biology 9:1567-
1577.

Masnick, M. T. 1974. Composition, longitudinal
distribution, and zoogeography of the fish fauna of the
upper Clinch system in Tennessee and Virginia. PhD
dissertation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. 403 pp.

Mitchell, J. C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia. Smith¬
sonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 352 pp.

Momot, W. T. 1995. Redefining the role of crayfish in
aquatic ecosystems. Reviews in Fisheries Science 3:33-63.

Neves, R. J., G. B. Pardue, E. F. Benfield, <Sc S. D. Dennis.
1980. An evaluation of endangered mollusks in Virginia.
Final Report to Virginia Commission of Game and
Inland Fisheries, Fish Division, Project No. E-F-l.
Richmond, Virginia. 140 pp.

Payne, J. F. 1978. Aspects of the life histories of selected
species of North American crayfishes. Fisheries 3(6):5-8.

12

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NO. 9, 1997

Rorer, W. E., & G. M. Capelli. 1978. Competitive
interactions between two Mountain Lake crayfish species
with life history notes. Virginia Journal of Science 29:245-
248.

Schwartz, F. J., R. Rubelmann, & J. Allison. 1963.
Ecological population expansion of the introduced
crayfish, Orconectes virilis. Ohio Journal of Science 63:266-
273.

Soderback, B. 1995. Replacement of the native crayfish
Astacus astacus by the introduced species Pacifastacus
leniusciilus in a Swedish lake: possible causes and
mechanisms. Freshwater Biology 33:291-304.

Taylor, C. A, M. L. Warren, Jr., J. F. Fitzpatrick, Jr., H.
H. Hobbs, III, R. F. Jezerinac, W. L. Pflieger, & H. W.
Robison. 1996. Conservation status of crayfishes of the
United States and Canada. Fisheries 21(4):25-38.

Tobey, F. J. 1985. Virginia’s amphibians and reptiles, a
distributional survey. Virginia Herpeto logical Society,
Purcellville, Virginia. 1 14 pp.

Winston, M. R., R. J. Neves, P. L. Angermeier, <Sc P. S.
Lookabaugh. 1996. An assessment of crayfish diversity
and ecology in the Clinch and Powell river watersheds,
Virginia. Final Report to Virginia Department of Game
and Inland Fisheries, Richmond, Virginia. 76 pp.

TABLE 1. KEY TO THE CRAYFISHES OF THE
CLINCH AND POWELL RIVER SYSTEMS,
VIRGINIA.

This key is not designed for use with specimens in other
river systems in Virginia. Rare, undescribed, or
introduced species not covered here may occur in these
river systems. Terms are defined either in the Figures or in
the Glossary (Table 2).

Key to Genera and Species

1. Both tenninal elements of gonopod curved caudally
at 90 degrees or more to shaft axis (Fig. 9a): Genus
C ambarus . . . . . 2

Both terminal elements of gonopod never bent at

an angle as great as 90 degrees to shaft axis (Fig. 9b):
Genus Orconectes . 7

2. Tubercles on mesial margin of palm forming cristiform
row (Fig. 10c} fingers relatively short: length of palm
about two-thirds length of dactyl (Fig. 8) . 3

Tubercles on mesial margin of palm not forming
cristiform row (Figs. 10a, b} fingers relatively long:
length of palm usually much less than length of dactyl
(Fig. 8) . 4

3 . Central projection of gonopod of Form-I male long and
strongly recurved, extending proximally to distal margin
of mesial process (Fig. 1 la}, inhabits rocky streamsC.
(Jugicambarw) parvoculus

Central projection of gonopod of Form-I nrale shorter,
not extending proximally to distal margin of mesial
process (Fig. lib} usually found in burrows, rarely
under rocks in streams . C.Q.) dubius

4. Mesial margin of palm with 2 major rows of tubercles

(Fig. 10a} rostrum acuminate (Fig. 12a) .

. . . C. ( Punctkambarus ) buntingi

Mesial margin of palm with single row of 3 to 6
tubercles, often indistinct, sometimes with second row
of three or four small ones (Figs. 10b, c} rostrum
usually with margins abmptly contracted at base of
acumen (Figs. 12b-d) . 5

5. Fingers of chela with extremely wide gape, with

indistinct to moderately distinct longitudinal ridges
dorsally; tuft of setae at base of opposable margin of
fixed finger in all but large Form-I males (Fig. 10b}
rostrum narrow with width less than two-thirds total
length (Fig. 1 2d) . C. (Hiaticambarus) longirostris

Fingers of chela widely gaping only in some large
individuals, and with distinct longitudinal ridges
dorsally; no tuft of setae at base of opposable margin of
fixed finger; rostrum broad with width greater than two-
thirds total length (Figs. 1 2b, c) . 6

6. Rostral margins of Form-I males thickened (Fig. 12c),

those of Form-11 males and females may or may not be
thickened . C. (Cambarus) angularis

Rostral margins of Form-I males and females not
thickened (Fig. 12b) . C. (C.) bartonii

WINSTON ETAL - CRAYFISHES

13

Fig. 7. Dorsal view of generalized male crayfish illustrating
structures and measurements mentioned in the text and
referenced in the key (modified from Hobbs, 1972).

Fig. 8. Ventral view of generalized male crayfish illustrating
structures and measurements mentioned in the text and
referenced in the key (modified from Hobbs, 1972).

14

BANISTER1A

NO. 9, 1997

Fig.9. Left gonopods of Cambarus and Orconectes (from Hobbs,
1972). a-b, Lateral views of Form-I and Form-II males, corneous
central projection shaded — a, Cambarus; b, Orconectes; c, Method
of measuring gonopods (mesial view) in Orconectes.

— -not
proximal

a

Fig. 1 1 . Mesial view of Form-I gonopod (modified from Hobbs,
1989). a, C. 0 ) dubius, with central projection not extending
proximally to distal margin of thesesial process; b, C. (J.)
parvoculus, illustrating central projection extending proximally to
distal margin of the mesial process.

Fig. 10. Dorsal view of male right chela (modifeid from Hobbs,
1989). a, C. (P.) buntingi, showing 6 to 9 rows of tubercles on
mesial margin of palm; b, C. (H.) longirostris, showing tuft of
setae at base of fixed finger; c, C. (J.) parvoculus, illustrating
cristifbrm tubercles on mesial margin of palm.

Shoulder

b c

Fig. 13. Mesial view of Form-I gonopod (modified from Hobbs,
1989). a, O. (C.) erichsonianus, central projection no more than
one-third of mesial length of gonopod; b, O. ,( P .) forceps, cephalic
surface lacking shoulder at base of central projection; c, O. (P.)
spinosus, cephalic surface with shoulder at base of central
projection.

Rostrum

acuminate

Rostrum

abruptly

contracted

Thickened

margin

Width

Fig. 12. Dorsal view of carapace (modified from Hobbs, 1989). a, C. (P.) buntingi,
showing acuminate rostrum; b, C. (C.) buntingii, showing broad rostrum, margins not
thickened; c, C. (C.) angularis, showing broad rostrum, margins abruptly contracted at
base of acumen, and thickened rostral margins; d, C. (H.) longirostris, showing narrow
rostrum with margins abruptly contracted at base of acumen.

WINSTON ET AL : CRAYFISHES

15

7. Central projection of gonopod of Fomvl male

constituting about one-third of total length of
appendage (Figs. 9c; 13a); annulus ventralis lacking
deep transverse fossa, with weakly to moderately
developed cephalo lateral prominences (Fig. 1 4a); rostral
margins subparallel, rostrum without median carina
(Fig. 15c) . 0. (Grockerinus) erichsomanus

Central projection of gonopod of Fonu-I male
constituting nearly one-lialf of total length of appendage
(Figs. 9q 1 3b, c} annulus ventralis wide deep transverse
fossa and large, lobiform cephalolateral prominences
(Fig. 14b}, rostral margins concave without rostral
carina (Fig. 15a) or subparallel with rostral canna (Fig.
15b) . 8

8. Cephalic surface of gonopod of Fomvl male lacking
shoulder at base of central projection (Fig. 1 3b} fingers

of chela strongly gaping (Fig. 16a} ventral surface of
carpus of cheliped lacking distomedian spine or
tubercle (Fig. 1 7b} rostral margins concave (Fig. 15a)
. O. (Procericambarns) forceps

Cephalic surface of gonopod of Fomvl male with
distinct shoulder at base of central projection (Fig. 1 3c}
fingers of chela never strongly gaping (Fig. 16b} ventral
surface of carpus of cheliped with distomedian spine or
spiniform tubercle (Fig. 17 a} rostral margins concave or

sub parallel . 9

9. Cutting edge of mandible (Fig. 8) smooth; rostral
margins concave without median carina ... O. (P.) rusticus

Cutting edge of mandible (Fig. 8) serrated; rostral
margins subparallel rostrum with median carina (Fig.
15b) . O. (P.) putnami

Cephalolateral

Fig. 14. Annulus ventralis and postannular sclerite of female
(from Hobbs, 1989). a, O. (C.) erichsonianus, lacking deep
transverse fossa; b, O. (P.) spinosus, with deep transverse fossa
and prominent overhanging cephalolateral prominences.

Concave

Rostral

canna

Subparallel

Fig. 15. Dorsal view of carapace (from Hobbs, 1989). a, O. ( P .)
forceps, showing concave rostral margins; b, O. (P.) spinosus, with
subparallel rostral margins and rostral carina present; c, O. (C.)
erichsonianMj, rostral margins subparallel and rostral carina
absent

Fig. 16. Dorsal view of Form-I male right chela (from Hobbs,
1989). a, O. (P.) forceps, with strongly gaping fingers; b, O. (P.)
spinosus, fingers not strongly gaping.

Fig. 17. Ventral surface of carpus of cheliped (from Hobbs,
1981). a, O. (P.) spinosus, distomedian spine (ds) or tubercle
present; b, O. (P.) forceps, distomedian spine absent

16

BANISTER1A

NO. 9, 1997

TABLE 2. GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN
THE TEXT AND KEY.

acuminate - tapering to a point.
annulus ventralis* female sexual structure that receives
sperm from the male gonopods; located between
fourth pair of pereiopods on ventral surface (Fig. 8).
cephalic - toward the head.
cheliped' pereiopod I (Fig. 8).
cTistiform - like a crest or cock's comb.
distal - away from the long axis of the body.
dorsal - "up" when the crayfish is held with the long axis of
the body parallel to the ground.
fingers - the distal parts of the chela; the movable finger is
the dactyl (Fig. 8).

Form-I and Form II male - male crayfishes of the family
Cambaridae alternate between a sexually mature and a
sexually immature stage (Fig. 9a, b). The sexually
mature males are referred to as Form-I, the sexually
immature as Form-II (Payne 1978).
gonopod - pleopod I (Fig. 8) or first pleopod of male. The
gonopods transfer sperm to the female.
lateral view of gonopod - with the long axis of the crayfish

body held parallel to the ground, and the gonopods
extended perpendicular to this axis, a lateral view of a
gonopod is from the outside looking towards the
middle of the body.
longitudinal - along the long axis.
mesial - towards the middle; inner.

mesial view of gonopod - with the long axis of the crayfish
body held parallel to the ground and the gonopods
extended perpendicular to this axis, a mesial view of a
gonopod is from the middle of the body looking
outward.

proximal - towards the long axis of the body.
punctations - tiny pores in the exoskeleton.
rostral carina - a flattened (in smaller specimens) to raised
(in larger specimens) area in cephalomedian area of
rostrum (Fig. 1 5b).
setae - hairs

sub parallel' almost parallel.
subquailrate * nearly square.

transverse' perpendicular to the long axis of the body.
ventral - "down" when the crayfish is held with the long
axis of the body parallel to the ground.

17

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

Caddisflies from Greensville County, Virginia
(Insecta: Trichoptera)

Richard L. Hoffman

Virginia Museum of Natural History
Martinsville, Virginia. 24112

Charles R. Parker

U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Gatlinburg, Tennessee 37738

INTRODUCTION

Despite several years (1976' 1980) of intensive
sampling by the second author and colleagues at
VPI&SU, and a much longer period of more sporadic
collecting by OliverS. Hint, Jr. (USNM), the caddisflies of
Virginia are still inadequately known, and this is
particularly true for the fauna of southeastern Virginia.
Tire only published list of the state's caddisflies (Parker &
Voshell, 1981), which was based exclusively on material in
the VPI&cSU collection, accounted a total of 239 species.
Recent collections by VMNH personnel and others have
since added nearly a score of additional forms, and search
through major museum collections will surely bring the
actual number of species known for Virginia to well over

300.

Probably the great majority of existing records are for
the mountainous western third of the state. Although
extensive collections from Virginia are maintained at
VPI&SU and USNM, and several regions have been
thoroughly sampled, the Virginia distribution is not well'
known for more than a handful of species and there is
still no published list of species from any in-state locality.
The present treatment is apparently a pioneer in this
respect, although obviously it is far from being complete
as at least 40 additional species are likely to be residents of
the county.

During a brief visit to the Dismal Swamp in May
1963, the first author collected nine species of caddisflies
that were attracted to a gasoline lantern. These were sent
for identification to Dr. Herbert H. Ross, whose comment
about them (in lift.) "The remarkable circumstance about
this list is that it is typical of a spring fed stream in Long
Island or in the Adirondacks rather than what we
consider to be the fauna of a southern swamp" stimulated
an interest in pursuing such an intriguing lead.
Establishment of the VMNH in 1988, and employment
there of the first author, finally provided the opportunity
to conduct sampling in many places in the southeastern
counties and cities. Greensville County was nuclear in
this activity, partly because it had long figured in related
efforts, and partly because of the diversity of aquatic
habitats it encompassed. Material collected at UV light
through the warmer months of 1989-1995 was
transmitted to the second author for identification, and
the resulting names were then associated with the various
biotopes sampled. The considerable degree of site
specificity thus revealed provided an additional
justification (beyond the provision of a simple inventory
baseline and faunal list) for preparing the following
account. The rapidly decreasing rate of new additions to
the species list suggests that (1) most of the commoner
species have been collected, and (2) the documentation of
additional species will require specialized sampling in

18

BANISTER1A

NO. 9, 1997

different habitats at different seasons. The present total
of 59 caddisflies recorded for Greensville County is
probably at least 50% of the actual fauna, with the major
deficiency being in species of Hydroptilidae (which is
amazingly underrepresented in the collections made so
far).

The Area

Greensville County spans the "Fall Line", just north of
the Virginia-North Carolina border (Map 1). This
geological and physiographic transitional zone is about 8-
9.6 km in width and expresses itself at rocky outcrops and
rapids at somewhat different latitudinal positions on the
Nottoway and Meherrin, the two rivers that cross the
county. Using the easternmost exposure of Piedmont

bedrock as the definitive interface between Coastal Plain
and Piedmont, a remarkably close concordance with the
present course of U. S. highways 301 and 1-95 and the
CSX railroad can be observed. East of these markers, the
terrain is flat (elevation ranging between 30 m near the
Fall Line to about 15 m in most of the Meherrin River
floodplain) and the subsurface strictly alluvial; westward
the surface gradually rises to an eastern Piedmont level of
about 45 m, with metamorphic bedrock generally exposed
or near the surface.

The county has been farmed intensively since colonial
times, especially the Piedmont sectors. Lumbering
activities have converted the original forest into 3rd or 4th
growth stands of mixed hardwoods, and in recent years
the introduction of loblolly pine plantations has resulted
in still further degradation.

Figure 1. Map of Greensville County, V.A showing major streams and collecting localities. Eastern edge of Lall Line
indicated by the dashed line. Numbers correspond to collecting sites discussed in text.

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

19

There is probably no "virgin forest" left in the county, in
fact, very few old growth stands. Large areas are owned by
lumber/paper interests, by whom they are managed in
various ways: usually clearcut and replanted with pine, or
clearcut and leased to private hunt clubs. There is no
public land and therefore no organized protection.
Growth and development are taking place rapidly;
Emporia spreads outward along the county roads, and
more and more timberland is being cleared annually for
crop fields: the current crop in favor is cotton, replacing
peanuts and soybeans of former years. Even riparian
forests along the larger streams are increasingly vulnerable
to the chain saw.

Despite the prevalence of large scale agriculture and
the certainty of dissolved chemicals in runoff drainage,
there is little evidence so far that the two major in-county
streams (Three Creek to the north, and Fontaine Creek in
the southern half), are negatively impacted. In both, the
fauna of unionid mussels and other sensitive organisms is
abundant and diverse. Of the two major rivers, the
Meherrin is subject to more extreme flooding and carries
a larger load of silt than the Nottoway, even though the
two drain superficially similar basin environments. The
larger number of caddisflies taken at the single Nottoway
site may reflect its accessibility rather than an inherently
larger fauna: the Meherrin at the Fall Line in Emporia is
less amenable to light trapping and was sampled only
once.

Collecting Methods

All collections were made with the use of a white
bedsheet illuminated with a commercial ultraviolet
("blacklight") tube, operated from automobile battery
power through the cigarette lighter outlet. Tire lighting
period varied greatly and opportunistically, ofteir starting
at sundown and continuing on until 2200 or 2300 h,
sometimes starting much later and lasting only an hour or
so. On one occasion the trap was operated overnight.
Specimens were picked off the sheet by hand and placed
directly into 70% isopropyl alcohol. An attempt was made
to capture selectively only a dozen or so of the larger or
more distinctive species (e.g., Pkryganea sayi, Nectopsyche
exquisita) recognizable on the sheet, to reduce local
depletion. Species less than 10 mm long (e.g.,
Leptoceridae, Polycentropodidae) were taken in greater
numbers since field discrimination was impossible. Lastly,
as many specimens of micro-caddisflies (Hydroptilidae)
were taken as possible although this was never more than
a negligible number and most of them were females. On

several occasions, so many insects (usually species of
C eraclea) came to the light as to produce a kind of dense
force-field" extending nearly 0.5 m out from the sheet;
close-range selection was then impossible and a wide-
mouth jar, held at arm's length, was run up the height of
the sheet at spaced intervals to secure a random sample.
Two or three such passes usually would fill a 4 oz
widemouth jar (unfortunately, so many of the captures
were unidentifiable females). Collections attempted early
in the season (February-March), even on warm damp
nights, were usually unproductive, often only one or two
moths visited the sheet; the same was true for late fall
attempts, made much later than the end of October. As a
rule, warm rainy evenings in midsummer gave the best
yields.

It must be emphasized that the collections were NOT
quantitative, and the figures given for the various samples
give no idea of relative abundance. In many cases only a
hundred specimens were taken from a sheet which would
have easily yielded a thousand, and over-night trapping
would have gathered many thousands. The limitations of
short-term collecting periods are noted, in the sense that
species emerging or flying during early morning hours
were generally missed.

Aquatic Habitats Sampled

LENTIC:

A. Rivers (4th order streams with persistent current).

1 . Nottoway River. This relatively large and unpolluted
stream drains an area of about 1295 km“ of southern
Virginia Piedmont with the main headwaters near the
town of Green Bay in Prince Edward County. Just south
of Blackstone it drops some 24 m over an outcrop of
granite at Nottoway Falls, below which its gradient is
essentially near base level. West of the Fall Zone, it forms
the northern boundary of Lunenburg, Brunswick, and
Greensville counties. Below Stony Creek it crosses Sussex
and Southampton counties and merges with the
Blackwater River near Franklin. As far downstream as
Courtland the Nottoway is a clean sandy-bedded shallow
river with appreciable current, generally flowing through
gallery forest. This section has been designated part of
Virginia's Scenic Rivers system. Below Courtland a more
lotic character is assumed: the water deeper, with less
current.

During this survey the Nottoway was sampled at a boat
landing site (1 on the map) just below the Va. Rt. 619
bridge, where the width is about 10-15 meters, average

20

BANISTER1A

NO 9, 1997

depth about 0.5 m, and the stream bed largely stones,
boulders, and bedrock. The current is swift enough to
make wading at knee depth difficult. Waterweed (Justicia
cf. americana ) is common along the banks in shallows, and
the submerged rocks are thick with hornwort ( Podostemom
ceratophyllum). Several species of unionid mussels ( Elliptio
spp.) and pleurocerid snails ( Oxytrema spp., Mudalia sp.)
are abundant.

2. Meherrin River. The Meherrin is somewhat
inferior to the Nottoway both in size (despite a larger
drainage basin of about 1800 kmz) and water quality. Its
drainage basin adjoins that of the Nottoway on the south,
arising also in Prince Edward County near Keysville; its
three headwater branches drain a mostly wooded region.

It forms the boundary between Nottoway and Lunenburg
counties, and bisects both Brunswick and Greensville
counties as far as Emporia, where on entering the Coastal
Plain it turns abmptly southeastward and assumes an
excessively meandering course to the Virginia state line.
This long convoluted reach (probably 50 river km) is
entrenched some 3-6 meters in its broad floodplain,
which it inundates almost annually. For most of this
length the Meherrin is accessible only across private land,
and it is often difficult to locate a source of permission. In
passing through die city of Emporia, the Meherrin is
impounded by a municipal hydroelectric facility, below
which is a long deep eddy and some short intervals of
swift water (Site 2). A few collections were made along this
reach, the light operated some 20-30 m from the water.
Several additional collections were made some 30 km
downstream in the region described above (site 3, about
2.5 km ENE of Claresville), where the stream appeared
clean and pleasant, with a fair variety of aquatic organisms
(no trace of unionid mussels was detected anywhere on
the Meherrin below Emporia, although a good population
of about ten species persists in the mid-town eddy).
Although the stream here has a low gradient and shallow
sandy bed, frequently congested with logs and other flood
debris it has a moderate current even during late summer
low flow period.

Lone:

B. Cypress-black gum swamps. This habitat type was
sampled fairly regularly at three sites. One of them (4) is a
permanent shallow pond, about an acre in extent, located
at the VMNH drift fence site about 2 km east of
Claresville, at the end of Va. Rt. 666. This is on the
western edge of the Meherrin floodplain and is inundated
frequently. For most of the year, this region (about 1-2 km

wide) remains above water, although it is laced with
drainage ditches and isolated ponds and marshes. The site
4 pond retains its integrity throughout the year with
extensive aid from local beavers, which maintain a low
impoundment along the eastern periphery.

The major local tributary to the Meherrin River is
Fontaine (a.k.a. Fountain) Creek, a clean second order
stream originating on the Piedmont in southern
Bmnswick County. On entering the Coastal Plain, near
the Virginia-North Carolina state line, this creek becomes
Fontaine Swamp, originally a typical cypress-tupelo forest.
Most of the original cypress has long since been removed,
and even today harvesting of other species occurs on an
irregular basis all along the periphery and on higher land.
Despite such perturbation this extensive morass (some 20
km in length, and 3-5 km in width) is nonetheless of
much biological interest as the inlandmost swamp of its
kind in Virginia. Collecting site 5 is at the crossing of Va.
624, where for some distance both above and below the
bridge the channel was dredged to produce a long reach of
deep and essentially still water. Site 6 is about 6-7 km
upstream, at the Va. 625 bridge (locally, the Iron Bridge);
here the water level fluctuates drastically: during the spring
floods it may achieve a depth (with swift current) of 1 to 2
meters; in late summer only a channel narrow enough to
step across winds its way through mud flats and cypress
knees. On balance, however, both of these sites would be
classified as lotic most of the year.

C. Mill ponds. Abandoned mill ponds provide an
artificial lotic habitat chiefly on the Fall Zone and outer
Piedmont, where natural ponding does not occur. Two
such ponds were visited fairly regularly and yielded a wide
diversity of insects generally as well as caddisflies. Site 7 is
at Slagle's Millpond ("Lake" on some maps), an
impoundment of Three Creek located some 4 km north
of Emporia. The age of this pond has not been
determined, but minimally must be on the order of 80-
100 years. -Its surroundings are mostly deforested and
cultivated, some forest persists on the east bank. The light
was operated here at water's edge at a VDGIF boat
landing. Site 8 is at Gamer's Millpond, 12 km southwest
of Skippers and well up onto typical Piedmont terrain of
rolling hills and rocky streams. This pond is much smaller
than the preceeding and in more wooded surroundings, it
appears to be of about the same age as Slagle's. The light
was operated here from a grassy hillside some 30 m
upslope from the water's edge. It must be emphasized that
in the case of both millponds, the light was operated
within 100 m of a rocky and turbulent reach below the
dam, and quite possibly species inhabiting such a biotope

HOFFMAN & PARKER- CADDISFLIES

21

could readily have been attracted to the sheet along with
stilhvater forms.

List of species

Because of the inconclusively established phylogenetic
sequence of families in the Trichoptera, we resort to a
strictly alphabetical order for all levels in the following list.
General statements about distribution are derived
substantially from the maps in Harris, O'Neill <Sc Lago
(1991; symbolized as HOL in subsequent references) for
those of our species which occur also in Alabama. For
others we have referred to the information in Ross (1944)
and any recent revisionary papers. Summary statements
about distribution within Virginia are based primarily on
material in the collection at VPI&SU, with occasional
refinements from recent literature.

Family Glossosomatidae

1. Protoptila palina Ross. Site 1, Nottoway River, 29
August 1991 (5 c? , 16 $ ), is the only Greensville locality for
this species. Protoptila. palina has been reported from most
states from Maine to Alabama but whether it is generally
widespread or restricted to lower elevations seems not to
be known. Except for one locality in Hanover County
(Falls of the North Anna River, VPI&SU), the five
Virginia counties of record for palina (Bath, Giles,
Montgomery, Rockbridge, and Washington) are west of
the Blue Ridge. Our Site 1 corresponds both geo¬
graphically (Fall Line) and ecologically (stream type) to the
Hanover locality.

Family Hydropsychidae

2. Cheumatopsyche analis (Banks). Site 6, Fontaine
Swamp at Va. 625, 9 April 1980 (4); Site 7, Slagle's
Millpond, 20 July 1989 (12); Site 8, Garner's Millpond,
19 June 1989 (10), 9 May 1991 (3); Site 4, 1.6 km E of
Claresville, 7 August 1996 (3d1). All of the capture sites
are lentic situations. Ibis species is widely distributed over
much of North America hut appears to be only rarely’
taken in Virginia. VPI&SU has material only from
Bedford and Shenandoah counties; none were taken by
intensive and prolonged sampling on the North and
South .Anna rivers in the central Piedmont.

By contrast, Gordon <$c Wallace (1975) found analis to
be one of the dominant hydropsychids in the Savannah
River basin, as characteristic of streams or large rivers
extending into the Coastal Plain, occuring at elevations
from about 880 m to nearly sea level although primarily a

Piedmont species. Its apparent absence from similar
streams in Virginia, and Greensville occurrence only in
lentic habitats, suggests a major geographic variation in
habitat widiin this species.

This species has been known as C. pettiti (Banks) since
the revision of this genus by Gordon (1974). However,
the second author and O. S. Hint, Jr. believe that the
action of Ross (1944) in declaring pettiti and analis to be
synonyms constitutes a "first reviser selection" which
establishes analis as the correct name.

3. Cheumatopsyche campyla Ross. Site 1, Nottoway River
29 August 1991 (5 c?, 30$). Cheumatopsyche. campyla is
another caddisfly known from virtually all of North
America (except perhaps for peninsular Horida). It was
not common in Greensville County, and VPI&SU has
material only from the Virginia counties of Louisa and
Hanover in the Piedmont, and Montgomery, Rockbridge,
and Shenandoah in the Ridge <Sc Valley Province.

Gordon & Wallace (1975) note that in the Savannah
River basin, campyla "...extended from the headwaters to
the middle of the Piedmont", inhabiting large streams and
medium sized rivers. Most of the localities mapped in
.Alabama by HOL are above the Fall Line, contributing to
the impression that this species avoids the southeastern
Coastal Plain.

4. Cheumatopsyche ela Denning. Site 1, Nottoway
River, 9 June 1992 (9). Confined to eastern North
America, from Quebec to Alabama (where it is widely
dispersed but common only in a few Coastal Plain
streams). Virginia localities are for 16 counties, none are
in the Coastal Plain and most are in the westernmost
Piedmont and mountains, again reflecting geographic
differences in habitat preference.

Gordon <Sc Wallace (1975) associated campyla and ela
as inhabitants of large streams and medium-sized
Piedmont rivers in the Savannah drainage basin.

5. Cheumatopsyche harwoodi Denning. Site 2, Meherrin
River in city of Emporia, 16 August 1991 (3d1); Site 4, 1
mile east of Claresville, 9 May 1993 (Id). Nova Scotia to
.Alabama, generally not common. Seven counties are
represented in the VPI&cSU collection, all but one of
them (Louisa) in the mountains.

Under the name C. enigma, Gordon <Sc Wallace (1975)
recorded this species as inhabiting brooks and small rivers
as far downstream as the middle Piedmont, in the
Savannah River basin. Our Greensville County localities
are at the Fall Line (Emporia) or just a few kilometers to
the east of it (Claresville), the latter site however is
unquestionably a lentic warm water habitat not typical for
this species.

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

77

6. C heumatopsyche parentum Gordon. Site 8, Gamer's
Millpond, 9 May 1991 (2cf; some or all of seven females
taken at the same time may be this species). Virtually
endemic to Virginia, this species was described from
material taken at Bull Run Regional Park in Fairfax
County, by O. S. Flint. It has been recorded (Gordon,
1974) also from nearby Prince Georges Co., Maryland.
VPISU has specimens from Hanover, Louisa, and Patrick
counties, implying a distribution throughout the Virginia
Piedmont and doubtless that also of North Carolina since
Greensville and Patrick county localities are virtually on
the boundary between the two states.

7. Che uma to psyche pasella Ross. Site 2, Meherrin River,
16 August 1991 (2 c?, some or all of 30 females included
in this sample may belong to this species); Site 4, 1 mile
east of Claresville, 9 May 1993 (Id*), 7 August 1996
(28 c?); Site 8, Gamer's Millpond, 19 June 1989 (lc?). C.
pasella is widespread in eastern United States, except
perhaps for peninsular Horida. VPISU has material from
Campbell, Louisa, and Hanover counties in the
Piedmont, and Carroll and Pulaski in the Appalachians.

In the Savannah River basin, pasella was found by
Gordon <Sc Wallace (1975) to prefer small to large rivers,
from headwaters to the Coastal Plain.

8. Hydropsyche alvata Denning. Site 8, Gamer's
Millpond, 19 June 1989 (4), 7 June 1990 (10); Site 4, 1.6
km E of Claresville, 7 August 1996 (5 c?). A species of the
southeastern Coastal Plain and Interior Lowlands, alvata
extends northward in Virginia to the Anna River system
in Hanover and Louisa counties (Hint et al., 1979). In the
Savannah River basin, Gordon <Sc Wallace (1975) found
alvata at only one station, about 200 m. elevation on the
inner edge of the Piedmont. Absence of the species
farther downstream in lentic reaches is curious, in light of
the obvious preference for still water in Greensville
County.

9. Hydropsyche betteni Ross. Site 8, Gamer's Millpond,
7 June 1990 (7); site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 2 July 1989 (7).
This species is widespread in eastern North America, but
seems to avoid the southeastern Coastal Plain. VPISU
material is from six counties in the Piedmont, three in the
mountains, and one (King William) in the Coastal Plain.

10. Hydropsyche incommoda Hagen. Site 3, Meherrin
River ca 2 miles E of Claresville, 16 August 1991 (2 c?, O.
S. Hint det.). The species ranges from Maryland to
Alabama in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, with disjunct
localities in Ohio and Kansas. VPISU records for Virginia
are for Chesapeake City in the outer Coastal Plain,
Chesterfield, Hanover, and Louisa counties on or near

the Fall Line, and Campbell County in the western
Piedmont (an out-of-character record).

The Meherrin River at the capture site is sandy
bottomed, and entrenched 2-3 m below the general level
of the floodplain, with a definite current even during
summer low volume. On the basis of this single
collection, incommoda must be rated as scarce in the
region. HOL state the species is common in large coastal
plain rivers in Alabama; Gordon <Sc Wallace stipulate large
rivers in the lower Piedmont-Coastal Plain in the
Savannah River basin.

11. Hydropsyche rossi Hint, Voshell, <Sc Parker. Site 4, 1
mi. E of Claresville, 7 August 1996 (5); Site 8, Gamer's
Millpond, 9 May 1991 (2); Site 5, Fontaine Swamp at Va.
624 bridge, 25 May 1989 (3). [also unnumbered site, east
side of Meherrin River at Hale's Ford bridge (Va. 730), in
Southampton Co., Virginia, 25 May 1989 (3)]. This
species is widespread in southeastern United States, north
to Virginia and Indiana. VPISU records are from the City
of Chesapeake, City of Richmond, and Louisa and
Pittsylvania counties.

12. Hydropsyche venularis Banks. Site 1, Nottoway
River, 29 August 1991 (30). Hie species is widespread in
eastern United States, but uncommon in the Coastal
Plain. VPISU records are from ten counties and cities, in
the Piedmont and mountains. The single capture site is
typical of a Fall Line reach, swift and rocky-bedded.

13. Macrostemum Carolina Banks. Site 7, Slagle's
Millpond, 20 July 1989 (6). Ranging from New York to
Oklahoma in the Coastal Plain and northward to Illinois
and Indiana, this species has a distinctly Austral
distribution. Instate records are for seven counties and
cities in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont.

14. Macrostemum zebratum Hagen. Site 1, Nottoway
River, 8 June 1992 (8). This species appears to be
somewhat more northern in range than the preceeding,
with only widely scattered localities in the southeastern
States. The majority of the 13 Virginia counties
represented in VPI&cSU material are in the Ridge <Sc
Valley Province, and the present capture site is the
southeastemmost for the state.

Hydroptilidae

15. Neotrichia vibrans Ross. Site 1, Nottoway River, 8
June 1992 (lc?). This is the only site known for the
county. This species occupies an extensive range in
eastern North America but is unreported for many of the
states. For Alabama, where it is statewide, HQScL state

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

23

that it occurred in most aquatic habitats from springs to
large rivers and lakes.

16. Orthotrichia cf. aegerfasciella (Chambers). Site 1,
Nottoway River, 11 September 1992 (1?). Widespread
in North America east of the Great Plains, this species
occurs abundantly throughout Alabama where, according
to HOL. it is found in both lotic and lentic habitats.

17. Oxyethira forcipata Moseley. Site 7, Slagles
Millpond, 20 July 1994 (1 cf). The species is widespread in
eastern North America but in the southeast may avoid the
Coastal Plain (as it definitely does in Alabama).

Lepidostomatidae

18. Lepidostoma tibiale (Carpenter). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 8 June 1992 (8d'9); also 29 August 1991 (3$,
probably this species). Originally described from the Great
Smoky Mountains area, and currently known from
southwest Virginia to central Alabama, tibiale is essentially
endemic to the southern Blue Ridge mountains. The
VPISU collection has Virginia material only from the
New River in Carroll County. In light of this distribution,
the discovery of tibiale on the Fall Line in Greensville
County is a remarkable extension of known range - 190
miles/300 km - to the east and into a trenchantly different
geographic region (Fig. 2). The lack of collections from

Figure 2. Approximate range of Lepidostoma tibiale (shading)
with Greensville County locality shown by spot.

elsewhere in Virginia suggests that perhaps the species is
in a declining phase, occurring peripherally in widely
scattered disjunct populations. HOL reported only six
collections in intensely-collected Alabama.

Although there is no reason to suspect confusion of
labels or other curatorial mishap, the Nottoway River
locality is so remarkable that confirmation by the capture
of additional material at the site is desireable. Perhaps
tibiale should be referred to a "Special Concern" status,
and the Greensville site regularly monitored.

Leptoceridae

19. C eraclea cancellata (Betten). Site 6, Fontaine
Swamp at Va. 625, 25 May 1989 (5), 13 July 1993 (10).
Site 4, 1.6 km E of Claresville, 3 June 1993 (12).
Widespread across most of Canada and in the United
States east of the Great Plains, cancellata occurs in the
Piedmont and mountain regions of Virginia, with 14
counties represented by material in VPISU. Its capture
only in still-water sites in Greensville County, instead of
the lotic Nottoway River, is thus a little surprising.
However, the species is abundant in the Coastal Plain of
Alabama (HOL).

20. Ceraclea diluta (Hagen). Site 4, l km E of Clares-
ville, 9 May 1993 (7). While the range of this species is
similar to that of the preceeding, actual occurrences are
notably scarce, both in Virginia (Hanover Co. only) and
Alabama (a few sites in Baldwin, Mobile, DeKalb, and
Madison counties only). Perhaps the flight season is
earlier than usual for this genus. No specimens of diluta
have been taken at Site 4 on any of the sampling dates
later in the year, although collecting was done at the same
place each time. Or perhaps Site 4 is only a marginal
habitat, and the preferred biotope has not yet been
discovered.

21. C eraclea maculata (Banks). Site 6, Fontaine
Swamp, 13 July 1993 (3); Site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 20
August 1989 (10); Site 8, Garner's Millpond, 19 June
1989 (2), 7 June 1990 (3). C. maculata is transcontinental
across Canada, and occurs over most of eastern United
States. HOL considered it to be the most frequently
collected C eraclea in Alabama, but VPISU has the species
from only five counties, dispersed across the state, in
Virginia. In Greensville County the species appears to be
partial to lentic habitats.

22. C eraclea nepha (Ross). Site 8, Gamer’s Millpond, 9
May 1991 (c? 9). Widespread in the Coastal Plain and
Interior Lowlands of eastern United States. Statewide and
eurytopic in Alabama, but considered as "never abundant"

24

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

(HOL). The species has apparenrly not been recorded
from Virginia, although it extends northward to
Delaware. It was not recollected at Gamer's Millpond
despite trapping at the same site in June.

23. Ceraclea ophioderus (Ross). Site 7. Slagle's Millpond,
20 July 1989 (5 c? 9 ). Like the preceeding species,
ophioderus is confined to the southeastern Coastal Plain
and Interior Lowlands, and has not been recorded from
Virginia. In addition to the single Greensville locality,
VMNH has 20 specimens from a small stagnant stream in
the Banister River floodplain, 5.3 km east of Five
Comers, Halifax Co., Virginia, 25 July 1992. Although
technically on the Piedmont, this site has a distinctly
lowland facies and is not inconsistent with a general
Coastal Plain range for the species.

24. Ceraclea protonepha Morse 6c Ross. Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp at Va. 624 bridge, 25 May 1989 (12); site 6,
Fontaine Swamp at Va. 625 bridge, 19 May 1991 (7), 20
May 1987 (1); 25 May 1989 (many). This species is
essentially another southeastern endemic, occurring from
Delaware to Horida, west to Louisiana and Kentucky,
with a disjunct locality in Kansas. Apparently the only
previous Virginia record is that of the type locality, Lake
Drummond, Dismal Swamp. A small sample (VMNH 3) is
from the Meherrin River floodplain in Southampton Co.,
Va , just east of the Va. 730 bridge, 20 May 1989. In
Greensville County protonepha is not uncommon in
Fontaine Swamp, but curiously has not been captured
elsewhere in lentic habitats. A short flight period in mid-
May is suggested by the several capture dates.

25. Ceraclea slossonae (Banks). Site 1, Nottoway River,
8 June 1992 (6), 20 August 1991 (15). Apparently
endemic in eastern United States, this species is
widespread in Virginia as implied by VPISU samples from
Carroll, Culpeper, Grayson, Hanover, Louisa, and
Montgomery counties in addition to the present
Greensville Co. site. None of the localities, however, are
in the Coastal Plain, and the species perhaps requires
flowing, aerated streams.

26. Ceraclea tarsipunctata Vorhies. Site 1, Nottoway
River, 8 June 1992 (10); site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 9 May
1991 (3), 25 May 1994 (30); site 8, Garner's Millpond, 7
June 1990 (10), 19 June 1989 (1). One of the most
widespread caddisflies in North America, tarsipunctata is
continentwide except for the southern Rockies and Great
Plains. It is statewide in Alabama (HOL), and in Virginia
occurs (14 counties) from sea level in Virginia Beach to
the high mountains in Smyth and Giles counties.
Greensville capture dates imply a May-June flight period
and occupation of both large rivers and cypress swamps.

27. Ceraclea transversa (Hagen). Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp, 25 May 1989 (1); site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 25
May 1989 (6). Another species continentwide in Canada
but restricted to eastern United States, extending
southward to Louisiana and Horida. VPISU material
from Virginia is from eight counties in the mountainous
part of the state, but transversa is known also from the
District of Columbia and Delaware, and the Coastal Plain
of Alabama, so its presence in Fontaine Swamp is not as
unusual as its apparent absence from the intensely-
collected Anna River system in Piedmont Virginia.

28. Nectopsyche Candida (Hagen). Site 7, Slagle's
Millpond, 24 August 1995 (3). Widespread in eastern
North America, Candida is chiefly a Coastal Plain species
in .Alabama and possibly also in Virginia.

29. Nectopsyche exquisita (Walker). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 8 June 1992 (50), 29 August 1991 (25); site 4, 1
mile east of Claresville, 7 August 1996 (6); site 7, Slagle's
Millpond, 20 August 1989 (1); site 8, Garner's Millpond,

19 June 1989 (2). Eastern North America, east of the
Great Plains. In Virginia, the species is known from the
Piedmont and mountains only, aside from our single
Greensville site 4. VPISU material is from 14 counties.
Although inhabiting lentic biotopes, exquisita is most
numerous in swift water. At the Nottoway River site, the
species occurred in astronomical numbers and 500 could
have been taken as easily as 50.

30. Nectopsyche pavida (Hagen). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 29 August 1991 (2); site 2, Meherrin River, 16
August 1991 (3); site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 13 July 1993
(6). Of general distribution in eastern North America, N.
pavida is perhaps more abundant in lowland areas; stated
by HOL to occur in nearly every aquatic situation in
coastal plain Alabama. Virginia localities are in the
Coastal Plain and Piedmont: Chesapeake City and Louisa
County in VPISU, Greensville, Charlotte, and
Southampton in VMNH; some preference for larger lentic
habitats is. suggested by collection sites.

31. Oecetis cinerascens (Banks). Site 2, Meherrin River
in Emporia, 16 August 1991 (5); site 7, Slagle's Millpond,

20 July 1989 (9); site 8, Garner's Millpond, 7 June 1990
(3). Widely distributed but not collected in large numbers.
HOL state that in Alabama, cinerascens was often collected
in sluggish streams and impoundments, a proclivity
reflected by the two lentic sites in Greensville County.
Hoyd (1995) attributed the species to both lentic and lotic
habitats, predominantly the former. Specimens in VPISU
were taken chiefly in the Coastal Plain (four counties or
cities) or on the Fall Line (two counties).

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

25

32. Oecetis ditissa Ross. Site 8, Gamer's Millpond, 19
June 1989 (4). Although not described until 1966, this
species is widespread and abundant in southeastern
United States, north as far as Massachusetts and Illinois.
In Virginia existing records (VPI&cSU) are for the
Piedmont and Coastal Plain exclusively.

33. Oecetis inconspicua (Walker). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 29 August 1991 (6); site 4, 1.6 km east of
Claresville, 9 May 1993 (6); site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 20
July 1989 (10); site 8, Garner's Millpond, 7 June 1990 (2),
also 19 June 1989 (10). Said by Ross (1944) to be the
commonest caddisfly in North .America, inconspicua is
statewide in Virginia where recorded from 30 counties
(although it is possible that a number of distinct species
are currently subsumed under the name inconspicua).

34. Oecetis nocturna Ross. Site 2, Meherrin River in
Emporia, 16 August 1991 (7); site 3, Meherrin River ca
4.8 km NE of Claresville, 1 August 1994 (1); site 4, 1.6
km east of Claresville, 7 August 1996 (1). This species,
although not described until 1966, is generally distributed
in eastern United States, and statewide in both Alabama
and Virginia. According to Floyd (1995) it inhabits both
lentic and lotic biotopes.

35. Oecetis osteni Milne. Site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 24
August 1995 (45). The range of this species appears to fall
into two areas: one extending from Quebec westward
through the Great Lakes region, another extending
southward through the .Atlantic Coastal Plain as far as
Louisiana. It was mentioned for Virginia in the original
description (basis unknown), but is not represented in the
VPISU material; the present record may constitute the
first specific state locality.

36. Oecetis persimilis (Banks). Site 5, Fontaine Swamp,
13 July 1993 (12); site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 20 July 1989
(1); site 8, Garner's Millpond, 7 June 1990 (9), also 19
June 1989 (5). Generally distributed over eastern North
America, and nearly statewide in Virginia (11 counties in
VPI&SU) although there are no records east of those
given here.

37. Oecetis spkyra Ross. Site 1, Nottoway River, 29
August 1991 (12). Originally described from southern
Georgia, this species ranges from eastern Virginia to
Louisiana, with an inland occurrence in Tennessee. In
Virginia it is recorded (VPI&SU) from the North and
South .Anna rivers near the Fall Line in Hanover and
Louisa counties. Hoyd (1995) considers the species to be
confined to lotic habitats.

38. Triaenodes abus (Milne). Site 4, 1.6 km east of
Claresville, 7 August 1996 (2). Widespread in North
America east of the Great Plains, it is apparently sparsely

distributed in small populations. Only four specimens
were taken in four localities in intensely collected
.Alabama. This is the first published record for Virginia.
VMNH also has a single male taken at the Va. 617 bridge
on Exol Swamp, King <Sc Queen Co., Virginia, 19 May
1993.

39. Triaenodes flavescens Banks. Site 1, Nottoway River,
29 August 1991 (12). The species is widely distributed in
eastern North America, although records for the
southeastern Coastal Plain are few'. Virginia records in
VPISU are mostly from the mountain counties, with a few
in the Piedmont. Greensville County is the easternmost
for the state; the single collection site is on the Fall Line in

a distinctly lotic biotope. .Absence of the species from
collections made at the same site earlier in the season
suggests a relatively short flight period in late summer.

40. Triaenodes ignitus (Walker). Site 8, Gamer's
Millpond, 19 June 1989 (1). Although generally
distributed over eastern North America, and common in
nearly every county in Alabama, ignitus is not often
collected in Virginia. Samples in VPISU and VMNH are
for the Piedmont (Hanover, Henry, Mecklenburg,
Pittsylvania counties) and Coastal Plain (Greensville Co.
and City of Chesapeake) only.

41. Triaenodes ockraceus (Betten <Sc Moseley). Site 5,
Fontaine Swamp, 25 May 1989 (9), site 6, Fontaine
Swamp, 20 May 1987 (3), also 25 May 1989 (5). T.
ochracens occurs primarily in the Coastal Plain between
Delaware and Mississippi, with a northward extension
into the Cumberland Plateau in Tennessee. The present
material apparently is the first to be recorded for the
species in Virginia although it is known from Delaware
and North Carolina.

Limnephilidae

42. Ironoquia punctatissima (Walker). Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp, 31 October 1989 (5 c? ?). Generally distributed in
eastern North America, this species is also widespread in
the Virginia mountains and Piedmont, with a few
localities on or just east of the Fall Line. Most collections
seem to have been made from the vicinity of swift cold
mountain streams, so that the lentic site in Fontaine
Swamp seems distinctly atypical. The species is surely
more general in Greensville County than the single record
would suggest.

43. Platycentropus radiatus (Say). Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp, 10 May 1991 (3), 20 May 1987 (7), 25 May 1989
(1). Widespread and abundant in much of eastern United
States, this species is nearly statewide in Virginia and
occurs eastward essentially to sea level at Dragon Run in

26

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Middlesex County. It is curious that only one collecting
station in Greensville County has so far produced
specimens of radiatiis. The flight period in the Coastal
Plain seems to be confined to May; further inland,
summer collections have been made.

44. Pycnopsyche Indiana Ross. Site 5, Fontaine Swamp
at Va. 625 bridge, 31 October 1989 (3). Although this
species is generally distributed in eastern United States
from Michigan to South Carolina, collection stations are
not numerous. VPISU material from Carroll and
Montgomery counties consists of single females; as these
are the only records for the entire Appalachian region,
confirmation from males is highly desireable (all other
localities are from the Coastal Plain or Interior Lowlands).
VMNH has a collection from Namozine Creek,
Dinwiddie Co., 22 September 1992 (7), a slow-water
biotope on the central eastern Piedmont. A male from
Femcliff, Louisa Co., 27 September 1936, T. H. Frison
(INHS) provides an additional Piedmont locality.

45. Pycnopsyche virginica (Banks). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 16 October 1996 (1). This species has a limited
distribution in the southeastern states from Virginia to
Alabama. Originally described from Richmond, Virginia,
P. virginica was a somewhat enigmatic species until its
status was clarified by Flint (1966). VMNH has material
(1 c?) from a third in-state locality: the Blackwater Eco logic
Preserve, 6.4 km south of Zuni, Isle of Wight Co., 22
October 1992, S. M. Roble leg. Perhaps the lateness of the
flight season is responsible for the paucity of locality
records. The single specimen reported for Alabama by
HOLwas taken in November.

Molannidae

46. Molanna blenda Sibley. Site 4, 1.6 km east of
Claresville, 9 May 1993 (1). Although widely distributed
in North America east of the Great Plains, and locally
abundant in several areas, M. blenda is not frequently
collected. Only 29 specimens were taken in intensely
collected Alabama (HOL), and VPI&SLI has material only
from six Virginia counties, four of them in the
mountains. The present record is the only locality for the
Virginia Coastal Plain.

Philopotamidae

47. C himarra moseleyi Denning. Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp, 25 May 1989 (2); site 8, Gamer's Millpond, 7
June 1990 (3). This species occupies the Coastal Plain and
outer Piedmont from Virginia to Mississippi, and the

Interior Lowlands (Missouri to Indiana). VPISU material
is from the Fall Line region in Hanover Co. and slightly to
the west in Louisa County.

48. Chimarra obscura (W alker). Site 1, Nottoway River,
8 June 1992 (15), also 29 August 1991 (5). Recorded
from most of the eastern States and Provinces, this species
is widespread in the Piedmont and mountain regions of
Virginia (10 counties, VPI&SU), with no Coastal Plain
localities.

49. Chimarra socia Hagen. Site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 13
July 1993 (3). The range of this species is confined to
northeastern North America, southward through the
.Appalachians to northern Alabama and Arkansas.
VPI&SU Virginia records are for Bath, Giles, and
Rockbridge counties in the mountains, and Louisa
County in the central Piedmont. The presence of socia in
Fontaine Swamp is therefore somewhat surprising as the
biotope does not seem appropriate for this species of
upland streams.

Phryganeidae

50. Phryganea sayi Milne. Site 4, l km east of
Claresville, 23 August 1995 (2); site 7, Slagle's Millpond,

24 August 1995 (2). This species occupies a northern
range, from Quebec to North Dakota, southward as far as
Kansas and northern Alabama. It is essentially statewide
in Virginia, with the majority of county records in the
Piedmont region. The absence of collections from the
Nottoway River site is of interest, as is the apparently very
short flight period of adults.

51. Ptilostomis postica (Walker). Site 4, 1 km east of
Claresville, 9 May 1993 (6), also 12 September 1994 (7);
site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 31 August 1979 (VPI&cSU ), also

25 May 1989 (1). The species is generally distributed over
eastern North America, but apparently less frequent in the
southeastern States. It is rarely taken in Virginia, VPISU
having material only from Loudoun and Montgomery
counties. HOL state that in Alabama postica is most often
collected from large rivers and streams, in contrast to the
lentic nature of capture sites in Greensville County.

Polycentropodidae

52. C ernotina spicata Ross. Site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 24
August 1995 (4). Ranging from Ontario and Michigan
south and west to Horida and Oklahoma, spicata is
represented in the VPISU Virginia material only from the
North Anna River in Louisa and Hanover counties
(where taken in large numbers). A Coastal Plain-outer

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

27

Piedmont range is thus implied for this state, against a
statewide distribution in Alabama.

53. Cymelliis fratermis (Banks). Site 2, Meherrin River
in Emporia, 16 August 1991 (6), site 7, Slagle's Millpond,
24 August 1995 (2). Although generally distributed in
eastern United States, this species is rarely collected in
Virginia. VPI&SU has material from only four counties,
chiefly in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. The Emporia
site is near a short reach of riffles between two long
eddies; it was not possible to know from which habitat the
specimens originated. Likewise, at Site 7, it is not known
if the specimens came from the millpond or the turbulent
reach below the dam itself.

54. Neureclipsis crepuscularis (Walker). Site 1, Nottoway
River, 8 June 1992 (1); site 7, Slagle's Millpond, 20 July
1989 (1). Continentwide in Canada, this species is largely
confined to the eastern half of the United States where
widespread and common. VPI&SU has material from
eight Virginia counties in the mountains and one
(Hanover) on the outer Piedmont. The species is probably
partial to flowing water habitats.

55. Nyctiophylax affinis (Banks). Site 7, Slagle's
Millpond, 20 July 1989 (3). Like many other boreal
caddisflies, affinis is continentwide in Canada, but largely
restricted to eastern United States (where it does extend
south to Florida and Texas). VPI&SU has material from
Giles County in the Virginia mountains, Hanover and
Louisa in the Piedmont, and King & Queen in the
Coastal Plain, suggesting a statewide but very sporadic
distribution.

56. Nyctiophylax celta Denning. Site 8, Garner's
Millpond, 9 May 1991 (1). This species occurs east of the
Mississippi River, from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico.
Existing capture records for Virginia (VPI&SU) are for
the mountain counties of Bath, Giles, Rockbridge, and
Rockingham. The Greensville site is an interesting range
extension, although celta does occur sporadically in the
Alabama Coastal Plain.

57. Nyctiophylax moestns (Banks). Site 6, Fontaine
Swamp, 9 May 1991 (1). The range of this species is
similar to that of the preceeding, but not extending quite
so far southward, and seems to avoid the southeastern
Coastal Plain. VPI&SU records are only from Hoyd and
Rockbridge counties in the mountains, so that the capture
in Fontaine Swamp provides a disjunct Virginia range
analogous to that of N. celta. Although there is no reason
to doubt the documentation of the specimen,
confirmation by future collections at the site is
nonetheless desirable.

58. Pkylocentropus placidus (Banks). Site 5, Fontaine
Swamp, 25 May 1989 (2); site 6, Fontaine Swamp, 8 .April
1980 (15), also 31 August 1979 (2). New Brunswick to
Texas and Horida, east of the Great Plains; statewide in
both Virginia and Alabama. The long adult activity period
in Fontaine Swamp seems noteworthy.

59. Polycentropus crassicornis (Walker). Site 6, Fontaine
Swamp, 20 May 1987 (1). Although this species is
generally distributed over eastern North America, it seems
not to be recorded for Virginia.

In addition to the above record, VMNH has this
species from 1.6 km SE of FXinnsville, Essex Co., D. R.
Smith leg. 18-31 May 1994 (20, O. S. Hint det.), and the
Meherrin River floodplain at Va. 730 bridge,
Southampton Co., 25 May 1989 (3). A male from Lake
Drummond, Dismal Swamp, City of Chesapeake, 19 May
1963, is in the Illinois Natural History Survey.
Collectively, the records suggest a strictly Coastal Plain
distribution in Virginia.

DISCUSSION

The fact that the present list accounts for only half of
the caddisflies likely to be found in Greensville County
mandates that inferences drawn from existing data be
expressed in the most general terms. In particular, the
future use of all-night light trapping at many different
localities (and earlier in the season) will surely modify the
present findings substantially. That said, however, it is
possible to select some obvious trends and specify
noteworthy range extensions and other faunistic
refinements. Reference to Table 1 will indicate quickly
which species were taken at which of the eight sampling
sites, these in turn categorized on the basis of their major
ecological features (as defined in the introductory section).
For comparisons based on temporal distribution, even
though inconclusive, are comparable in the sense of
having been made at exactly the same location at the site
involved, and for essentially the same time period
(normally for two hours after twilight).

Tire numbers of taxa (and individuals) recorded from
each site represent only those identifiable to species:
nearly each place yielded additional genera in the form of
females which could not be taken to species with
assurrance. In addition to the 59 species listed here, there
are two males of an additional, apparently undescribed
Hydropsyche, considered to be very close to H. rossi by Dr.
Hint.

Additions to the Virginia fauna: Five species appear
to be recorded for the state for the first time, these are

28

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

C eraclea nepha, Ceraclea ophiodera, Triaenodes abus,
Triaenodes ochraceus, and Polycentropus crassicornis.

Significant range extensions: The occurrence of
Lepidostoma tibiale at the Nottoway River site is an unsual
departure from the otherwise exclusively "Southern
Appalachian" distribution of the species (Fig. 2). C himarra
soda is a species whose distribution is distinctly more
northern (subboreal) and whose presence in the Coastal
Plain of southeastern Virginia suggests postglacial climatic
reliction.

Site diversity: The total figures for each site on Table I
are lower than in actuality, since caddisflies which could
only be identified to genus (females) are not included.
Also, the intensity of sampling varies greatly: only one
twoTour period at Site 2, as opposed to repeated trapping
at sites 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8. The table reflects a few
generalities: limnephilids, phryganeids, and polycentro-
podids strongly favored still water habitats. Hydropsychids
and leptocerids appear to be generalists, with no single
higher taxon partial to lotic environments. The best
sampled sites have total species numbers near 20, with the
swift and rapid Nottoway River at site 1 not favored over
millponds. The possibility should be recalled that "mixed"
faunas could exist at each millpond, in that lotic species
living below the dam spillways could have been attracted
to the light set a hundred meters away beside the pond
itself. Totals for the three primary biotopes surveyed show
very little deviation: 28, 29, and 29 for rivers, swamps,
and millponds respectively.

Site specificity: The total line "unique to site " reflects
how many species were taken only at the individual site.
Thus, of a total of 19 identifiable species at Site 1, 12
(63%) occurred nowhere else, by far the greatest degree of
"local endemism". At site 7, 8 of the 18 species captured
(44%) occurred nowhere else. None of the six found at
site 2 occurred there exclusively. Only ten of 59 species
(17%) were found in both lentic and lotic habitats.

Stenotopism: No species occurred in as many as six of
the eight sites. The most euryzonal species is Nectopsyche
exquisita, found in five. Six species occurred in 4 sites;
eight in 3; 12 in 2, and 33 in just one. Although this
figure will surely be modified by future collecting, it
strongly suggests very local population distributions, and
encourages the view that future additions will come from
small or obscure habitats harbouring one-site species.

Flight seasons: By chance, the only site with collections
made over much of the flight season was at the Nottoway
River site 1, it therefore provides the only opportunity for
noting faunal changes during the summer by species
succession (Table II). As noted above, the collecting

protocol at this site was consistent as to exact placement
of the light (on the VDGIF boat landing), and the
duration of the collecting period.

The table shows that of the ten species (many
unidentifiable females not included even if in other
genera) collected on June 8, five (50%) were not
recaptured 1 2 weeks later. Of the 11 species taken in late
August, five were not found either earlier or later. Five
species did occur from early June to late August, and one
extended from late August to mid-October.

Twelve species found at Slagle's Millpond, site 7, show
an even more stringent seasonal restriction. Oecetis
inconspicuus was collected only in May; Cheumatopsyche
analis, Hydropsyche betteni, Macrostomum carolinum, Ceraclea
ophiodera, Oecetis cinerascens, and Neureclipsis crepuscularis
only in July; and Nectopsyche Candida, N. exquisita, Oecetis
osteni, Phryganea sayi, and C ernotina spicata only in August.
However, these time intervals were not necessarily
observed by these twelve species at other sites.

The seasonal occurrence of 13 species of Hydro-
psychidae - irrespective of site - was examined (Table III).
Only Cheumatopsyche analis was flying from early April to
early August. C. harwoodi and Hydropsyche rossi occurred
from early May to early August, but there were no June-
July captures for either one (two separate broods?)- C.
parentum was taken only in early May; C. ela and
Macrostomum zebratum only in early June; M. Carolina only
in late July; Hydropsyche incommoda only in mid August;
and C. campyla and H. venularis in late August.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We want to express our thanks to those who have
assisted in various ways toward the completion of this
report. Dr. K. L. Manuel identified some of the more
difficult leptocerids; Dr. Oliver Hint did the same for
hydropsychids. The Meherrin Hunt Club, through Bain
Dnimmorrd, allowed access to extensive private holdings
in the floodplain east of Claresville. John M. Anderson
assisted in much of the field work, and contributed the
computer generated tables I-III. Susan C. Kirby compiled
locality data from the VPI&SU collection, and performed
other clerical duties. Dr. S. M. Roble participated in field
work, especially in operating a blacklight trap for all-night
collection at site 4.

REFERENCES

Hint, O. S., Jr. 1966. Notes on certain Nearctic
Trichoptera in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

29

Proceedings of the United States National Museum 118:
373-390.

Flint, O. S., Jr., J. R. Voshell, <Sc C. R. Parker. 1979. The
Hydropsyche scalaris group in Virginia, with the description
of two new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society
of Washington 92: 837-862.

Floyd, M. A. 1995. Larvae of the caddisfly genus Oecetis
(Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) in North .America. Bulletin of
the Ohio Biological Survey, new series 10(3): viii + 85 p.

Gordon, A. E. 1974. A synopsis and phylogenetic outline
of the Nearctic members of Cheumatopsyche. Proceedings
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 126:
117-160.

Gordon, .A E., <Sc J. B. Wallace. 1975. Distribution of the
family Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) in the Savannah
River basin of North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia. Hydrobio logia 46: 405-423.

Harris, S. C., P. E. O'Neill, & P. K. Lago. 1991. Caddis-
flies of Alabama. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of
Alabama 142: 1-442.

Parker, C. R., <Sc J. R. Voshell. 1981. A preliminary
checklist of the caddisflies (Trichoptera) of Virginia.
Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 16: 1-7.

Ross, H. H. 1944. The caddisflies, or Trichoptera, of
Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey
23: 1-326.

Platycentropus radiaiatiisiSay), (from Ross, 1944)

30

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

TABLE I

BIOTOPES

SPECIE S

lotic

LENTIC

NOTT.

MEHERR1N

SWAMPS

MILLPONDS

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Glossosomatidae

Protoptila palina

•

Hydropsych id ae

Cheumatopsyche analis

•

•

Cheumatopsyche campyla

•

Cheumatopsyche ela

•

Cheumatopsyche hanooodi

•

•

Cheumatopsyche parentum

•

Cheumatopsyche pasella

•

•

•

•

Hydropsyche alvata

•

•

• |

Hydropsyche betteni

•

•

Hydropsyche incommoda

•

Hydropsyche rossi

•

•

•

•

Hydropsyche venularis

•

Macrostemum Carolina

•

Macrostemum zebratu m

•

Hydro ptilidae

Neotrichia vi brans

•

Orthotrichia cf. aegerfasciella

•

Oxyethira forcipata

•

Lepidostomatidae

Lepidostoma tibiale

•

*

Leptoceridae

Geraclea cancellata

•

•

•

Ceraclea diluta

•

Ceraclea maculata

•

•

•

•

Ceraclea nepha

•

Ceraclea ophioderus

•

Ceraclea protonepha

•

•

•

Ceraclea slossonae

•

Ceraclea tarsipunctata

•

-

•

• (

Ceraclea transversa

•

•

Nectopsyche Candida

•

Nectopsyche exquisita

•

•

•

•

•

Nectopsyche pavida

•

•

•

•

Oecetis cinerascens

•

•

• j

Oecetis ditissa

• j

Oecetis inconspicua

•

•

•

• i

Oecetis noctuma

•

•

•

Oecetis osteni

•

Oecetis persimilis

•

•

•

•

• |

Oecetis sphrya

•

Triaenodes abus

•

Triae nodes flavescens

•

•

HOFFMAN & PARKER: CADDISFLIES

31

TABLE I (continued)

BIOTOPES

LOTIC

LENTIC

NOTT.

MEHERRIN

SWAMPS

MILLPONDS

SPECIE S

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Leptoceridae (continued)

Triaenodes ignitus

Triaenodes ochraceus

•

•

•

Limnephilidae

Ironoquia punctatissima

•

Piatycentropus radiatus

•

Pycnopsyche indiana

Pycnopsyche virginica

•

•

Molannidae

Molanna blenda

•

Philopotamidae

Chimarra moselyi

Chimana obscura

Chimarra socia

•

•

•

•

•

Phryganeidae

Phryganea sayi

•

•

Ptilostomis postica

f

•

Polycentropodidae

Cemotina spicata

•

Cymellus fratemus

•

•

Neureclipsis crepuscularis

•

•

Nyctiophylax af finis

Nyctiophylax celta

Nyctiophylax moestus

•

•

•

Phylocentropus placidus

•

•

•

Polycentropus crassicomis

•

Total for site

19

6

8

16

10

14

18

17

Unique to site

11

0

1

. 3

3

3

7

5

Total for biotope

28

29

29

Unique to biotope

12

14

13

Table 1. Collection sites for Greensville County caddisflies showing distribution of species by biotopes.

BANISTERIA

NO 9, 1997

TABLE II

MONTH

SPECIES

April

May

June

July

August

Cheumatopsyche analis

•

•

•

•

•

Cheumatopsyche campyla
Cheumatopsyche ela

Cheumatopsyche harwoodi

•

•

•

•

•

Cheumatopsyche parentum
Cheumatopsyche pasella

•

•

•

Hydropsyche alvata

•

•

Hydropsyche b ettini

Hydropsyche incommoda

Hydropsyche rossi

Hydropsyche venularis

•

•

•

•

•

•

Macrostemum carolinum

•

Macrostemum zebratum

•

Table 2. Seasonal distribution of thirteen species of the family Hydropsychidae.

TABLE III

^ _ MONTH
SPECIE S

8 Jun

20 Aug

29 Aug

1 1 Sep

16 Oct

Protoptila palina

•

Cheumatopsyche campyla

•

Cheumatopsyche ela

•

Hydropsyche venularis

•

Macrostemum zebratum

•

Orthotrichia aegerfasciella

•

Lepidostoma tibiale

• -

- • -

- •

Ceraclea cancellata

•

Ceraclea slossonae

#• -

- • -

- *

Ceraclea tarsipunctata

•

Nectopsyche exquisita

•

— — -

- •

Nectopsyche pavida

•

Oecetis inconspicua

• -

- •

Oecetis sphyra

•

Triaenodes flavescens

• -

- •

Pycn opsyche virginica

•

Chimarra obscura

•

Neureclipsis crepuscularis

•

Table 3. Seasonal distribution of eighteen species of caddisflies at Nottoway River Site 1.

33

BanistericL, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

New Distributional Records for Rare and Uncommon Odonata in Virginia

Steven M. Roble, Christopher S. Hobson and Dirk J. Stevenson1

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
Division of Natural Heritage
1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312
Richmond, VA 23219

Virginia contains one of the most diverse Odonata
faunas in North America when compared to other states
and the various Canadian provinces. A total of 130
dragonflies and 54 damselflies have been documented in
the state (Carle, 1982, 1991; Roble, 1994, 1995; Roble &
Stevenson, 1996). In this paper we provide noteworthy
new distributional records for selected rare and
uncommon species found in the state based primarily on
surveys conducted since 1991 by the zoological staff of the
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation,
Division of Natural Heritage (DCR-DNH). These records
are intended to supplement those contained in Carle
(1982, 1991) and Roble (1994). All of our records from
Caroline County and some selected new records of rare or
uncommon Odonata from other counties in the state
were previously reported by Roble & Hobson (1996).

For the purposes of this paper, rare species are defined
as Odonata that are currently monitored by DCR-DNH
(Roble, 1996). These species are typically known from
fewer than a dozen sites in the state, but most are not
globally rare. Although Carle (1991) recommended that
the Virginia Department of .Agriculture and Consumer
Services grant endangered or threatened stams to 13
species of dragonflies (Anisoptera), no species of Odonata
are currently afforded legal protection in Virginia. Most of
the uncommon species discussed below are included on
the DCR-DNH Watch List, which consists of species that
are not currently believed to warrant conservation
attention, but which are typically known (in the case of
Odonata) from 15-25 sites in the state. We have also
provided new data on adult flight periods for selected

species when they extend the previously known season of
Virginia populations.

All of the following records are supported by voucher
specimens unless noted otherwise. Collections by the
authors are indicated by our respective initials.
Collections by former DCR-DNH zoologists Kurt A
Buhlmann, Christopher A Pague and Philip H.
Stevenson, and contract zoologist (during May 1991) d im
E. Vogt are also indicated by their initials, as are reliable
sight records reported to us by DCR-DNH botanist J.
Christopher Ludwig. Mr. Vogt has also kindly permitted
us to include the results of a very significant collection
that he and R. Duncan Cuyler made on their own
initiative on 1 October 1993. Finally, several other
collectors have generously allowed us to include their
unpublished records as discussed below. Most specimens
obtained by the authors have been or will be deposited in
the Virginia Museum of Natural History (VMNH,
Martinsville). A few will be donated to the National
Museum of Natural History (USNM, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.) or retained in the DCR-
DNH reference collection. Specimens collected by Tim E.
Vogt are deposited in the Illinois State Museum
(Springfield).

Scientific names and authors of species discussed
below follow Garrison (1991) except as noted by Roble
(1994) and May (1995). The common names that are used
herein follow those recently adopted by the E>ragonfly
Society of the Americas (1996). Several of these do not
correspond with the common names used previously by
Carle (1991).

1 Present address of DJS: DPW, ENRD, Fish and Wildlife Branch, AFZP-DEV-W, Fort Stewart, GA 3 1 3 14

34

BANISTERI A

NO. 9, 1997

Rare Species

ZYGOPTERA

Calopteryx angustipennis (Selys). Appalachian Jewelwing
Roble (1994) claimed ro provide the first published
records of this species from Virginia (six counties), but the
population discovered in Alleghany County by Richard L.
Hoffman in 1951 had been mentioned very briefly by
Opler (1979), who recommended it for “Special Concern”
status. Neither of these authors was aware of the second
oldest collection of C. angustipennis in the state. Thomas
W. Donnelly (pers. comm.) discovered a population of
this species along Passage Creek in Shenandoah County
on 16 June 1958. He subsequently verified its continued
existence at this site in 1969 and 1984. Surveys conducted
by SMR on 7 June 1996 confirmed that this population is
still extant.

Hetaerina titia (Drury). Smoky Rubyspot

Roble (1994) reported that H. titia and its more
common congener H. amencana (Fabricius), the American
rubyspot, occur together along the Clinch, New and
Nottoway rivers in Virginia. The following two sites,
which were discovered by SMR and CSH on 6 September
1995, also support both species: Lee Co.: Powell River at
State Route 70, 3 km S Jonesville; Scott Co.: North Fork
Holston River at U.S. Route 58/421, 1 km SE Hilton.
Both of these rivers have been impacted by industrial
pollution in the past (Abb ted t, 1991; Wolcott & Neves,
1994). A recent spill (24 October 1996) from a coal waste
holding pond entered a tributary of the Powell River and
transported coal fines downstream into the North Fork
and mainstem of the river for up to 100 km to beyond the
V irginia-Tennessee border (L. Koch, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, pers. comm.; Silverman, 1997).

Roble (1994) overlooked a specimen of H. titia
collected by CAP on 11 September 1991 along the
Appomattox River in Amelia County. The site that he
alluded to along the Nottoway River where this species
had been taken by Frank L. Carle is near the County
Route 653 bridge in Southampton County (F. L. Carle,
pers. comm.). Both of these are previously unpublished
county records for Virginia.

Enallagma pallidum Root. Pale Bluet

Roble (1994) noted diat this was the only species of
damselfly known from Virginia which had not been
verified in the state during the preceeding 25 years. He
reported that the only previous collection of E. pallidum
was made on 26 June 1938 along the Feeder Ditch to
Lake Drummond. This species was reconfirmed at Lake

Drummond (City of Chesapeake) by CSH on 18 June
1996 (one male collected and another observed).
Furthermore, on 11 July 1996, CSH and Doug Stannard
discovered a large population of E. pallidum (about 175
adults observed during an abbreviated survey; 3 males
collected) along Indian Creek adjacent to Northwest River
Park in the City of Chesapeake, approximately 25 km SE
of the Lake Drummond site.

AN IS OP' PER A

Aeshna mutata Hagen. Spatterdock Darner

Carle (1991) recommended this species for state
endangered status because it was known from only three
sites in Virginia (one each in Augusta, Craig and
Highland counties). However, he failed to mention
Hoffman's (1987) report of this species from Potts Pond
along the Alleghany-Craig county line (which may not
represent a breeding site). Division of Natural Heritage
surveys have documented breeding populations of A.
mutata at two additional sites in Augusta County (Laurel
Run ponds, 1 F V, 1991; Loves Run Ponds, SMR, 1995).
A single adult was also observed by SMR at another site in
Highland County. Carle (1991) stated that the
documented flight period of this species in Virginia
extended from 30 May to 13 June. The records of SMR
and TEV range from 25 May to 20 June.

Aeshna tuberculifera Walker. Black-tipped Darner

Carle (1982) recorded this northern species from six
counties confined to western Virginia, his southernmost
locality being in Russell County. Halverson (1983) added
Rockingham County to the Virginia distribution of this
species, indicating that it was common at his study ponds.
SMR and CSH found A. tuberculifera to be common on
22-23 September 1993 in a beaver meadow on the
Jefferson National Forest, approximately 10 km SE
Norton in Scott County. It was found in association with
the equally abundant A. umbrosa Walker (shadow darner).
This record extends the range of A. tuberculifera one
county further to the southwest in Virginia. This species
reaches the southern limits of its range in western North
Carolina (Cuyler, 1984).

Gomphus abhreviatus Hagen in Selys. Spine-crowned
Club tail

Carle (1982) recorded this species from six sites in five
western Virginia counties, and predicted that it would
eventually be found in the Piedmont region of the state.
His flight dates ranged from 1 May to 6 June. On 23 May
1995, SMR discovered a population (3 males collected)
along the Nottoway River at State Route 49 (Nottoway

ROBLEETAL: ODONATA

35

Falls) on the Lunenburg-Nottoway county line,
constituting the first record of this species in southeastern
Virginia. On 22 April 1996, CSH collected a teneral
female along the Nottoway River at the Chub Sandhill
Natural Area Preserve (County Route 631, ca. 22 km SW
Wakefield) in Sussex County. The latter site is in the
Coastal Plain approximately 88 air km ESE of Nottoway
Falls, and upwards of 150 river km downstream from
there. Cuyler (1984) had previously documented this
species in northcentral North Carolina. Both Needham (Sc
Westfall (1955) and Carle (1982) listed a 27 April record
from South Carolina as the earliest known flight date for
this species, but White et al. (1980) reported that an adult
G. abbreviatus was taken on 17 April 1932 in that state.

Gomphus parvidens Currie. Piedmont Clubtail

Carle (1991) recommended this species for state
threatened status because only two localities were known
in Virginia (one each in Bedford and Charlotte counties).
He indicated that the known flight period in the state
extended from 23 May to 10 June. On 24 April 1990,
CAP and Michael L. Lipford collected a teneral female
along Fine Creek at County Route 711 (Fine Creek Mills)
in Powhatan County. Carle (1991) and Tennessen et al.
(1995) listed 29 April and 1 May as the earliest known
dates for North Carolina and Alabama, respectively.
White et al. (1980) listed a 5 April record from South
Carolina for G. carohmis Carle, which is considered a
junior synonym of G. parvidens by some authorities

Gomphus quadricolor Walsh. Rapids Clubtail

Carle (1982) recorded this species with certainty from
only two sites in .Alleghany and Botetourt counties in
western Virginia (plus a tentative record from Mont-
gomery Co.), but remarked that it is probably much more
common in the state. The capture dates of the two records
available to him were 18 May and 29 May. CAP collected
one adult of this species in 1990 in extreme northern
Highland County, although details of this record are
unknown to the authors (specimen not seen). The USNM
contains an adult male captured by O. S. Hint, Jr. on 9H0
July 1982 along the Hazel River near Boston (Culpeper
Co.) in the Northern Piedmont region of Virginia.

Gomphus viridifrons Hine. GreenTaced Clubtail

Carle (1991) recommended this species for state
threatened status because only three localities were known
in Virginia (one each in Botetourt, Hoyd and Grayson
counties). Carle (1982) stated that the flight period of this
species in Virginia extends from 21 May (erroneously
reported as 24 May in Carle, 1991) to 3 June. On 7 June
1995, CSH collected a male along the Pound River, 1.7

km N Pound in Wise County. A female was captured on
12 July 1995 by CSH and DJS along the Pound River, 0.5
km upstream of its confluence with the Russell Fork River
in Dickenson County. These sites are separated by
approximately 28 air km. The Pound River is impounded
1.5 km upstream of the latter collection site, forming the
John W. Flannagan Reservoir. This river has also been
degraded by the effects of strip mining (Jenkins &
Burkhead, 1994).

Lanthus parvulus (Selys). Northern Pygmy Clubtail

Carle (1991) recommended this species for state
threatened status because only two localities were known
in Virginia (one each in Highland and Montgomery
counties). Two additional sites were documented by CAP
in Highland and Page counties during 1991 (DCR-DNH
database; specimens not seen by authors).

Lanthus vernalis Carle. Southern Pygmy Clubtail

Carle (1980, 1982) recorded this species from 12
counties in western Virginia, with flight dates ranging
from 13 May to 14 July. Our surveys have documented L.
vernalis at the following additional sites: Bath Co.:
Bubbling Springs, George Washington National Forest, 8
May 1995, SMR and Michael W. Donahue; Montgomery
Co.: hillside seepage along County Route 641, 3.5 km
NW Montgomery, 10 May 1994, SMR (teneral); Russell
Co.: 3.3 km NE South Clinchfield, 14 June 1996, SMR
(sight record believed to be this species rather than L.
parvulus). The latter two constitute new county records.

Ophiogomphus alleghaniensis Carle. Adlegheny Snaketail
Carle (1982, 1991) reported that this species was
known in Virginia only from nymplval collections made at
one site in Giles County that was threatened by habitat
alteration. Consequently, he recommended that it be
granted state endangered status (Carle, 1991). Terwilliger
(Sc Tate (1995) listed its status in Virginia as probably
extiqiafed. Fortunately, another Virginia population was
recently discovered by rim E. Vogt and R. Duncan
Cuyler, who collected a single nymph on 1 October 1993
from the Little River in Hoyd County (T. E. Vogt, pers.
comm.). The specimen was successfully reared to maturity
and the adult that emerged was identified by Kenneth J.
Tennessen (T. E. Vogt, pers. comm.). Tins collection site
also supports the only known Virginia population of the
globally rare mountain river cmiser, Macromia marganta
Westfall (Carle, 1991).

Ophiogomphus howei (Bromley). Pygmy Snaketail

This rarely collected species was originally discovered
in Virginia by Kennedy <Sc White (1979), who described

36

BANISTERIA

NO 9, 1997

the nymph based on material collected in the New River.
Opler (1979) proposed that its status in Virginia be listed
as special concern, whereas Carle (1991) recommended O.
howei for state endangered staftis. Carle (1982, 1991)
knew of only two collection sites along the New River in
Virginia (one each in Carroll and Grayson counties),
although he found more than 700 exuviae on a single
date at the latter site. In May of 1992, KAB and Judy
Jacobs (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) collected exuviae
of O. howei (all identifications by Clark N. Shiffer) at nine
bridge crossing sites along the river extending from the
U.S. Route 21/221 bridge near the North Carolina'
Virginia border downstream (north) to Ivanhoe in Wythe
County (Buhlmann, 1992). Subsequently, Tim E. Vogt
and R. Duncan Cuyler collected 10 nymphs (two reared to
adult) from the Little River site in Floyd County where the
preceding species was taken (T. E. Vogt, pers. comm.).
Their collections (all made on 1 October 1993) also
documented the presence of O. aspersus Morse, the brook
snaketail, and O. rupinsulensis (W alsh), the rusty snaketail,
making it one of very few sites in North America where
four members of this genus occur syntopically (T. E. Vogt,
pers. comm.). Carle (1982) had previously recorded only
O. aspersus at this site.

StenogomphuTirs consanguis (Selys). Cherokee Clubtail
Carle (1991) reported that this rarely collected species
reaches the northern limit of its restricted global
distribution in extreme southwestern Virginia, where it
was known from a total of two sites in Scott and
Washington counties, respectively. He recommended that
it be designated a state endangered species and speculated
that many populations had been lost within its limited
range in the southern Appalachians due to factors such as
the creation of impoundments and water quality
degradation. Surveys by DJS in June of 1995 resulted in
the discovery of S. consanguis at five additional sites in
Scott County and two new sites in Washington County.
Several specimens that he collec-ted on 16 June extend the
Virginia flight period one day past that listed in Carle
(1991). The range of this species was extended north into
Russell County by SMR in 1996, when he documented a
population near the Clinch River north of Lebanon. Our
status survey for this species will continue through at least
the 1997 field season, after which time a more complete
account of its distribution in Virginia will be prepared.

Stenogompkurus rogersi (Gloyd). Sable Clubtail

Carle (1982) reported this rarely collected species from
two sites in southwestern Virginia (both in Washington
County), as well as one site in northeastern Virginia
(Spotsylvania County). Donnelly (1994) and Hint (1996)

recently reported (as Gomphus rogersi ) that a single female
specimen was taken in a Malaise trap in Essex County.
During the June 1996 status survey for S. consanguis, SMR
documented populations of S. rogersi at the following new
sites: Smyth Co.: Carlock Creek, 7.5 km SE Saltville (7
males); Washington Co.: unnamed tributary to South
Fork Holston River, 1.5 km SE Lodi (1 male). Three
additional populations of S. rogersi were discovered by
Frank L. Carle in 1995 in southwestern Virginia (F. L.
Carle, pers. comm.), bringing the total number of
documented sites in the state to nine.

Stylurus scudden (Selys). Zebra Clubtail

Carle (1982) knew of only one record for this species
in Virginia, from an unspecified locality in Roanoke
County. John Michalski (pers. comm.) collected one
emerging male on 13 July 1988 along the east bank of the
New River downstream of the U.S. Route 58/221 bridge,
9.5 km E Independence in Grayson County. Numerous
emerging S. spimceps (W alsh), the arrow clubtail, were also
collected at this site on that date. DCR'DNH biologists
have not encountered this species in Virginia.

Cordulegaster diastatops (Selys). Delta-spotted Spiketail

Carle (1983) recognized that this name applied to two
sibling species and described Zoraena (treated as a
subgenus of Cordulegaster by most authors) bilineata, the
brown spiketail, which applied to the more southern
form. The only valid Virginia record of C. diastatops was
thus restricted to an adult male specimen that he collected
on 4 June 1977 at a site in Highland County that harbors
many northern species of Odonata at or near the
southern limits of their ranges (Carle, 1982, 1983). The
second Virginia specimen (adult female) of C. diastatops
was captured by CSH on 23 May 1995 on the Wallops
Bight Facility, 2.2 km NE Wattsville in Accomack County
on the Delmarva Peninsula. This record was quite
unexpected because this species has been documented in
Maryland only in the extreme western part of the state (R.

L. Orr, pets, comm.) and it is apparently unrecorded in
Delaware (Carle, 1983; H. B. White, pers. comm.). May &c
Carle (1996) reported this species from nine counties in
New Jersey, including the southernmost two (Cumberland
and Cape May).

The Accomack County site is a forested seepage
wetland containing shallow water in a dendritic branching
pattern, with mucky seepage pools and a silty, sand-
bottomed stream. This habitat also supports populations
of the uncommon damselflies Amphiagrion saucium
(Burmeister), the eastern red damsel, and Ischnura prognata
(Hagen), the furtive forktail.

ROBLE ETAL - ODONATA

37

C ordulia shurtleffi Scudder. American Emerald

Carle (1982) recorded this northern species from three
sites in Bath and Highland counties in western Virginia.
Halverson (1983) indicated that it was common at his
study ponds in Rockingham County. Surveys by TEV on
25 May 1991 documented the first records of C. shurtleffi
from Augusta County. It has subsequently been found by
SMR at two sites on the George Washington National
Forest in this same county. Tire earliest Virginia flight
date listed in Carle (1982) was 10 June.

Epitheca costalis (Selys). Stripe-winged Baskettail

Carle (1982, 1991) stated that this species (reported as
Tetragoneuria costalis ) was known from only three sites in
Virginia, namely Great Falls (Fairfax County), the Great
Dismal Swamp (City of Suffolk) and Seashore State Park
(City of Virginia Beach). A second locality in the City of
Virginia Beach was confirmed on 21 May 1991 when
TEV collected this species at Black Gut, 0.4 km W
Sandbridge.

Tramea omista Hagen. Red-mantled Saddlebags

Carle (1982) recorded this species only from Charles
City and Montgomery counties in Virginia, with flight
dates ranging from 20 May to 12 June. As noted
previously by Roble <Sc Hobson (1996), Carle determined
that Matta’s (1978) records for this species from south¬
eastern Virginia were based on misidentified specimens of
T. Carolina (Linnaeus), the Carolina saddlebags. On 2 July
1991, CAP collected a male at Green Pond, Big bevels
Wildlife Management Area on the George Washington
National Forest in Augusta County.

Uncommon Species

ZYGOPTERA

A rchilestes grandis (Rambur). Great Spreadwing

Roble (1994) knew of only four county records for this
species in Virginia. Two new county records are now
available. An adult was observed but not collected in the
fall of 1996 by CSH in Henrico County west of the City
of Richmond corporate limits. Michael W. Donahue
collected an adult male A. grandis in the Kelly Hats area of
the Jefferson National Forest in Giles County on 30
October 1996 (specimen in VMNH), which also repre¬
sents a new late flight date for this species in Virginia.

Lestes congenerHagen. Spotted Spreadwing
Lestes eunnusSay. .Amber-winged Spreadwing

Roble (1994) reported these uncommon species from
seven and eight counties, respectively, in Virginia. In each
case, all but one of the confirmed counties lies in the

western portion of the state. Hint (1996) added records of
L. congener from Clarke County. Both of these species
were collected on 11 July 1995 by CSH and DJS at
Mullins Pond on Pine Mountain, Jefferson National
Forest in Dickenson County (new county records). The
aurora damsel, Chromagrion conditum (Hagen), and
Amphiagrion saucium, two other locally distributed
damselfly species that had previously been documented in
this county (Roble, 1994) were also present at this pond.

Lestes forcipatus Rambur. Sweetflag Spreadwing

A population discovered in Bath County on 14 July

1995 by SMR is an addition to the county records listed
in Roble (1994).

Lestes inaequalis Walsh. Elegant Spreadwing

A sight record obtained on 2 June 1994 by CSH in
York County was omitted by Roble (1994) from the list of
cities and counties with confirmed records.

Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister). Eastern Red Damsel

Recent additions to the county records listed in Roble
(1994) and Hint (1996) are Accomack (CSH), Frederick
(SMR), Hoyd (SMR), Lee (CSH), Shenandoah (SMR) and
Smyth (DJS).

Ischnura prognata (Hagen). Furtive Forktail

Stevenson et al. (1995) demonstrated that this species
was more common in Virginia than had been suggested
by Roble (1994), who knew of only one historical and one
recent record. They found I. prognata at seven new sites
during 1995 alone. Hint (1996) reported specimens taken
during Malaise trapping in Essex County. Our surveys in

1996 documented this species at the following new sites:
Greensville Co.: 2 km NNE Claresville, 8 August 1996,
SMR; Sussex Co.: Chub Sandhill Natural Area Preserve,
22 April 1996, CSH, SMR and DJS; City of Suffolk:
property adjacent to Suffolk Regional landfill, north of
U.S. Route 58, 9 May 1996, CSH; Great Dismal Swamp
National Wildlife Refuge, Jericho Ditch jet. with Lynn
Ditch, 22 May 1996, CSH (sight record); City of
Chesapeake: North Landing River Preserve (The Nature
Conservancy), 29 May 1996, CSH. Our April collection
constitutes a new early flight date for this species in
Virginia.

ANISOPTERA

Tachopteryx thoreyi (Hagen). Gray Petaltail

Carle (1982) recorded this large, primitive dragonfly
from 13 Virginia counties, with flight dates ranging from

S8

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

22 May to 3 August. Roble & Hobson (1996)
documented it at four sites in Caroline County and Flint
(1996) added a record for Essex County. The following
constitute new county records: Dickenson Co.: four sites
on the Jefferson National Forest (Dutten Gap, Maynard
Ridge, Mullins Pond and Skegg Branch), 9 June-12 July
1995, CSH and DJS (voucher specimens collected at two
sites); Lee Co.: southwest of Falling Water Gap near the
Kentucky state line, 9 August 1995, JCL (sight records);
Lunenburg-Nottoway Co. line: Nottoway Falls, 23-26 May
1995, SMR and DJS; Northumberland Co.: Bushmill
Stream Natural .Area Preserve, 9 May 1996 (nymph),
SMR; Page Co.; 1 1 km west of Luray, 14 July 1979, G. F.
Hevel (USNM); Shenandoah Co.: Powells Fort Camp,
George Washington National Forest, 7 June 1996, SMR;
Wise Co.: Jefferson National Forest near Pine Mountain
Tunnel, 10 June 1995, CSH and William H. Moorhead
(sight record).

The nymph that was collected in Northumberland
County has been kept alive for nearly a year. It has been
housed in a small, covered plastic bowl containing a few
decaying, deciduous leaves and approximately 5 mm of
water (room temperature with no aeration) and fed only
occasionally (mostly wood roaches). The hardiness and
semi-terrestrial nature of this specimen, which continues
to grow despite minimal care, is remarkable for an aquatic
insect. Dunkle (1981) observed that captive larvae
preferred to remain in water when young, but chose a
mud substrate over water at an older age. In the wild,
larvae live between or under leaves near the upper edge of
seepage areas (Dunkle, 1981).

Bcryeria grafiana Williamson. Ocellated Darner

Carle (1982) reported this species from 18 sites in 13
counties in western Virginia. New county records are:
Scott Co.: Staunton Creek at County Route 653, 21
September 1993, SMR and CSH; Smyth Co.: Big
Tumbling Creek, Clinch Mountain Wildlife Management
Area, 19 August 1992, SMR.

Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say). Harlequin Darner

Roble <Sc Hobson (1996) recorded this early spring
species from Caroline County and noted that it was
considerably more common in Virginia than suggested by
the records in Carle (1982). Hint (1996) reported this
species from Essex County. New county records that we
have documented are from Augusta (SMR), Fairfax (CSH)
and York (DJS). Matta (1978) recorded G. furcillata from
the City of Suffolk, although Carle (1982) did not include
these records in his compilation. On 17 April 1996,
SMR and DJS observed this species in abundance along
Lynn and Washington ditches in the Great Dismal

Swamp National Wildlife Refuge (City of Suffolk).
Division of Natural Heritage zoologists have also
documented several populations of G. furcillata in the City
of Virginia Beach at sites other than those listed in Carle
(1982). Carle (1982) stated that the flight season in
Virginia ranged from 8 April to 25 May. Our latest record
was obtained on 3 1 May.

Erpetogomphus designatus Hagen in Selys. Eastern Ringtail
Carle (1982) reported this species from 10 counties in
Virginia. Several adults were captured by SMR and DJS
on 23 August 1995 along the South Fork Shenandoah
River near Limeton in Warren County at the site of the
newly created Shenandoah River/Andrew Guest State
Park. This species was also recorded along the North Fork
Shenandoah River at Strasburg in Shenandoah County
on 2 July 1977 (T. W. Donnelly, pers. comm.). These are
the first records of E. designatus from the Shenandoah
Valley. This species was a bo observed by SMR along the
Hazel River in Culpeper County (county record). A
specimen observed in a Richmond (city) office building
on 8 June 1995 and captured the following day (DJS)
constitutes a newly early flight date for the state.

Gompkus lineatifrons Calvert. Splendid Clubtail

Carle (1982) recorded this species from 1 1 counties in
western Virginia, with flight dates ranging from 21 May to
27 June. New county records that we have documented in
the extreme southwestern corner of the state are:
Dickenson Co.: Pound River at site of G. vindifrons
locality discussed above, 12 July 1995 (DJS, sight record);
Scott Co.: Copper Creek at State Route 71,11 June 1995
(CSH and W. H. Moorhead); Washington Co., Smith
Creek, 14 June 1995 (DJS); Wise Co.: Pound Reservoir,
14 July 1995 (CSH and DJS, sight record).

Gomphus vastus Walsh. Cobra Clubtail

Carle (1982) recorded this species from 10 counties in
central and western Virginia. Louton (1982) added a
record from Scott County. During June of 1995, DJS abo
documented this species in Scott County when he found
it at two sites (Cove Creek and an unnamed tributary of
Copper Creek).

On 28 May 1993, CSH collected an adult female at
Big Pond along the Appalachian Trail in Giles County,
although this individual was probably a vagrant.

Hagenms brevistylus Selys. Dragonhunter

Carle (1982) recorded this large gomphid from 16
counties in Virginia, with flight dates ranging from 27
May to 2 September. Roble & Hobson (1996) reported it
from Caroline County. .Additional DC.R-DNH surveys

ROBLE ETAL ODONATA

39

have nearly doubled the number of counties from which
H. brevistylus has been documented in Virginia, revealing
that this species is relatively common in the state. These
new county records are: .Albemarle Co.: James River
(CSH, sight record); Appomattox Co.: Appomattox River
(SMR); Brunswick-Dinwiddie Co. line: Nottoway River
(CSH and SMR); Carroll Co.: Big Reed Island Creek
(SMR); Grayson Co.: New River (SMR et al); Greensville
Co.: Fontaine (= Fountains) Creek (KAB and CAP);
Highland Co.: Bullpasture River (SMR, sight record); Isle
of Wight Co.: Blackwater River (SMR, sight record);
Lunenburg-Nottoway Co. line: Nottoway Falls (SMR and
DJS) and County Route 627 bridge (PHS); Lee Co.:
Powell River and vicinity (SMR and CSH, sight records)
and Indian Creek (SMR, larvae); Nottoway Co.: Little
Nottoway River (PHS); Patrick Co.: Dan River (SMR and
CSH, sight records); Shenandoah Co.: Passage Creek
(SMR; first recorded here in 1958 by Thomas W.
Donnelly); Sussex Co.: Nottoway River (PHS). Our latest
record for this species is 6 September.

Progomphus obscurus (Rambur). Common Sanddragon
Carle (1982) reported this species from approximately
20 sites in 12 scattered counties in Virginia. Roble <Sc
Hobson (1996) added records from Caroline County.
.Additional county records documented during DNH
surveys are: Chesterfield Co.: Swift Creek, Pocahontas
State Park (SMR and CSH); Dickenson Co.: Russell Fork
River (CSH); Isle of Wight-Southampton Co. line:
Blackwater River (SMR); Lunenburg-Nottoway Co. line:
Nottoway Falls (SMR and DJS); Prince William Co.:
South Fork Quanfico Creek, Prince William Forest Park
(PHS). The USNM also contains a male collected recently
in Prince W illiam Forest Park.

Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen in Selys). Least Clubtail
Carle (1982) reported this species from 14 counties in
western Virginia, extending as far west as Washington
County. New county records that we have documented in
the southwestern comer of the state are: Bland Co.: Little
Wolf Creek (CSH); Dickenson Co.: Pound River (DJS
and CSH) and Tipper Twin Branch (CSH and DJS); Scott
Co.: Cove Creek (DJS). Jerry A Louton (pers. comm.)
previously collected nymphs of this species in Copper
Creek, Scott County, hut this record does not appear on
the county range map in Louton (1982). In June of 1995,
DJS recorded $. albistylus at three additional sites in
Washington County. Thomas W. Donnelly (pers. comm.)
documented S. albistylus along Passage Creek in
Shenandoah County on 17 June 1969, which is another
county record. We have also found this species at
additional sites in several of the counties listed in Carle

(1982), indicating that it is relatively common in Virginia.

Stylurus spimceps (W alsh). .Arrow Clubtail

Carle (1982) reported this species from eight counties
in Virginia, with flight dates ranging from 19 June to 4
September. New county records documented during
DNH surveys are: Albemarle Co.: Mediums River near
Owensville, 18 October 1993, SMR and CSH; Lee Co.:
Powell River at Route 833, 4 September 1995, CSH and
SMR; Northampton Co.: Hog Island, 11 July 1990, CAP.
SMR and CSH have also found this species at sites along
the Hazel River (Culpeper Co.) and Little River (Hoyd
Co.) other than those listed in Carle (1982). Our October
record not only represents a new late date for Virginia,
hut it is apparently the latest published record for S.
spimceps rangewide. The latest date known to Needham &
Westfall (1955) was 5 October, whereas Carle (1982)
listed a 12 October record from Pennsylvania.

Cordulegaster erronea Hagen in Selys. Tiger Spiketail
Roble & Hobson (1996) remarked that this species is
more common in Virginia than previously believed, and
added Caroline and York counties to the records listed in
Carle (1982). .Additional new county records are from the
following localities: Dickenson Co.: Headwaters of Little
Fork, Dutten Gap on the Jefferson National Forest, 1 1
July 1995, DJS and CSH; Breaks Interstate Park, 29 June
1991, John M. Anderson (VNMH); Hoyd Co.: Buffalo
Mountain, 17 July 1993, JCL (sight record). The former
site is also inhabited by Tachopteryx thoreyi. The latter site
was recently purchased by the Virginia Department of
Conservation and Recreation and added to the state
natural area preserve system. The USNM contains a
female specimen collected by Nancy E. Adams on 13
August 1993 m Prince William Forest Park, Prince
William County, which also constitutes a new county
record.

Macromia taeniolata Rambur. Royal River Cruiser
Carle (1982) recorded this large species from ten
counties in Virginia. A new county record was
documented on 1 September 1992 when KAB collected
an adult female near the Blackwater Ecologic Preserve, 6
km SSW Zuni, Isle of Wight County.

Neurocordulia obsoleta (Say). Umber Shadowdragon

This crepuscular species is undoubtedly more
common in Virginia than previous records (6 sites in 6
counties, Carle, 1982) indicate, owing to the difficulty of
observing and capturing rapidly flying adults at twilight.
The following are new county records: Isle of Wight Co.:
Blackwater River at County Route 614 bridge, 1 km W

40

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Zuni, 26 May 1995, CSH; Blackwater River at Antioch
Pines Natural Area Preserve, 5 km SSW Zuni, 21 May
1996, SMR and Richard L. Hoffman; Lunenburg'
Nottoway Co. line: Nottoway Falls, 23 May 1995 (SMR)
and 26 May 1995 (SMR and DJS). One of the specimens
collected at the Antioch site was captured shortly after
dark when it was attracted to a blacklight that was
operating on a high bank above the river. This species was
most common at the Nottoway Falls site, where
approximately 50 patrolling males were observed before
dusk on 26 May 1995. Three days earlier, a mated pair
was collected on a shaded rock boulder bordering the river
at 1945 h, nearly an hour before dusk. The earliest
Virginia flight date listed in Carle (1982) was 2 June.

Somatochlora linearis (Hagen). Mocha Emerald

Carle (1982) recorded this species from nine scattered
counties in Virginia, ranging as far west as Montgomery
County. Roble <Sc Hobson (1996) reported S. linearis from
Caroline County based on sight records. We have also
documented it in the following new counties: Chesterfield
(SMR), Scott (SMR) and Surry (SMR). The single male
specimen from Scott County, which was collected in a
high elevation (835 m) headwater stream above Bark
Camp Lake, is blackish and approximately 15% smaller
than several coppery specimens captured in a blackwater
swamp in Surry County.

Brachymesia gravida (Calvert). Four-spotted Pennant

Carle (1982) recorded this species only from Lancaster
County and the City of Virginia Beach. Our surveys have
revealed that it is more common and widespread in
coastal areas of Virginia. New city and county records are:
Accomack Co.: Wallops Island (DJS and CSH, specimen
destroyed); Fairfax Co.: Fort Belvoir Military Reservation
(CSH, sight record); Northampton Co.: Hog Island
(KAB); Northumberland Co.: Hughlett Point Natural
Area Preserve (SMR); York Co.: Camp Peary Military
Reservation (SMR and CSH, sight record); City of
Chesapeake: Northwest River (JCL and CSH, sight
records); City of Newport News: Fort Eustis Military
Reservation, (DJS and SMR, sight records). Additional
populations have also been documented by several DNH
biologists in Virginia Beach.

C elithemis fasciata Kirby. Banded Pennant

Roble <Sc Hobson (1996) added Caroline County to
the 1 1 Virginia counties listed by Carle (1982). Additional
city and county records documented during DNH surveys
are: Augusta Co.: George Washington National Forest
(SMR); Greensville Co.: 5.5 km SE Bryants Corner (SMR)
and Fontaine Creek (KAB and CAP); Isle of Wight Co.:

Cat Ponds (CAP); Lee Co.: Keokee Lake (CSH, sight
record); Nottoway Co.: Fort Pickett Military Reservation
(CSH); Wise Co.: Pound Reservoir (CSH and DJS, site
records); City of Virginia Beach: Fort Story Military
Reservation, many records (KAB, DJS, SMR, CSH and
David A. Young).

Erythrodiplax minuscula (Rambur). Little Blue Dragonlet
Roble <Sc Hobson (1996) added three counties to the
six city and county records listed for Virginia by Carle
(1982), and noted that this species is fairly common in the
southeastern portion of the state. The Grayson County
specimen collected by SMR was taken in a boggy head¬
water seepage at 4800 feet (1463 m) near the base of
Mount Rogers. Additional county records documented by
DNH surveys, but not reported by Roble <Sc Hobson
(1996) are: Fairfax Co.: Fort Belvoir Military Reservation
(CSH, sight record); Greensville Co.: Fontaine Creek
(KAB and CAP); Isle of Wight Co.: property adjacent to
Blackwater Ecologic Preserve (SMR and KAB); Nottoway
Co.: Fort Pickett Military Reservation (CSH); Surry Co.:
near Blackwater River 10 km E Waverly (SMR and CSH).

Libellula axilena Westwood. Bar-winged Skimmer

Roble <Sc Hobson (1996) reported this species from
Caroline County and remarked that it is fairly widespread
in Virginia. .Additional new county records (to the ten
listed in Carle, 1982) that we have documented are from
Accomack (SMR) Augusta (SMR), Bath (SMR), Fairfax
(CSH), Isle of Wight (SMR), Scott (SMR) and York (DJS
and SMR) counties.

Sympetrum ambiguum (Rambur). Blue-faced Meadowhawk
Roble & Hobson (1996) remarked that this species
was more common and widespread in the Coastal Plain of
Virginia than suggested by the records in Carle (1982).
They alluded to nine additional new city and county
records in this physiographic province that were not
specifically mentioned in their paper. These records are as
follows: Accomack Co. (SMR, CSH and DJS), Fairfax Co.
(CSH), Isle of Wight Co. (SMR), King George Co. (KAB),
Northampton Co. (SMR), Prince George Co. (SMR),
Surry Co. (SMR), York Co. (DJS, KAB, CSH and SMR)
and the City of Hampton (CSH). Hint (1996) recently
reported this species from Clarke County based on two
male specimens collected in a Malaise trap between 29
September and 25 October. Carle (1982) stated that the
flight season of $. ambiguum in Virginia extends from 4
July to 12 October. Our records range from 24 June to 13
October.

Sympetrum semicinctum (Say). Band-winged Meadowhawk

ROBLEETAL- ODONATA

41

Carle (1982) recorded this species from nine counties
in western Virginia, ranging as far west as Tazewell
County. .Ari adult female was collected by SMR and CSH
on 22 September 1993 in Scott County at the site listed
above for Aeshna tuberculifera

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following individuals for allowing us to
include their unpublished records: Frank L. Carle,
Michael W. Donahue, Thomas W. Donnelly, John
Michalski and Tim E. Vogt. We would also like to
acknowledge the field efforts of Kurt A Buhlmann, J.
Christopher Ludwig, Christopher A Pague, Philip H.
Stevenson and William H. Moorhead of DCR-DNH. The
Virginia Chapter of The Nature Conservancy granted
access to several of their preserves. Oliver S. Flint, Jr. and
Nancy E. Adams of the USNM facilitated visits by SMR
and allowed us to publish selected records from this
collection. Joseph C. Mitchell alerted SMR to the
existence of Halverson's (1983) unpublished dissertation
and Dustin Howarth willingly copied selected pages from
this reference for our use.

Our surveys during the past five years have been
funded by a variety of sources, particularly the U.S.
Department of Defense, LbS. Environmental Protection
.Agency, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest
Service (Jefferson National Forest), LbS. National Park
Service, Virginia Department of .Agriculture and
Consumer Services, and the Virginia Department of
Conservation and Recreation. More limited funding was
provided by the Southeastern Public Service Authority.

Collecting permits were issued by the U.S. Forest
Service (George Washington and Jefferson National
Forests), Virginia Department of Conservation and
Recreation (Division of State Parks), the City of
Chesapeake Parks and Recreation Department, the City
of Newport News Parks and Recreation Department,
Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and the
National Park Service.

LITERATURE CITED

Ahbtedt, S. A 1991. Reintroduction of the spiny
riversnail Io flmnalis (Say, 1825) (Gastropoda: Pleuro-
ceridae) into the North Fork Holston River, southwest
Virginia and northeast Tennessee. American Malaco-
logical Bulletin 8: 139-142.

Buhlmann, K. A 1992. A natural heritage inventory for
the pygmy snaketail dragonfly (Ophiogomphus lunvei) in the
New River, Virginia. Natural Heritage Technical Report

92-31. Virginia IOepartment of Conservation and
Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond. 6

pp.

Carle, F. L. 1980. A new Lanthus (Odonata: Gomphidae)
from eastern North America with adidt and nymphal keys
to American octogomphines. Annals of the Entom¬
ological Society of America 73: 172-179.

Carle, F. F. 1982. A contribution to the knowledge of
the Odonata. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia. 1095 pp.

Carle, F. F. 1983, A new Zoraena (Odonata: Cordule-
gastridae) from eastern North America, with a key to adult
Cordulegastridae of America. .Annals of the Entomo¬
logical Society of .America 76: 61-68.

Carle, F. L. 1991. Dragonflies. Pp. 197-214 In K.
Terwilliger (coord.), Virginia's Endangered Species. The
McDonald <Sc Woodward Publishing Company,
Blacksburg, Virginia.

Cuyler, R. D. 1984. Range extensions of Odonata in
North Carolina, United States. Notulae Odonatologicae
2: 55-57.

Donnelly, T. W. 1994. Some recent records of interest.
Argia 6(1-2): 13.

Dragonfly Society of the Americas. 1996. Common
names of North American dragonflies and damselflies.
Supplement to Argia 8(2): 4 pp.

Dunkle, S. W. 1981. The ecology and behavior of Tacho-
pteryx thoreyi (Hagen) (Anisoptera: Petaluridae). Odonaf-
ologica 10: 189-199.

Hint, O. S., Jr. 1996. Odonata taken in Malaise traps,
with special reference to Virginia. Banisteria 8: 37-43.

Garrison, R. W. 1991. A synonymic list of the New
World Odonata. .Argia 3(2): 1-30.

Halverson, T. G. 1983. The evolution of dragonfly life
histories in heterogeneous environments. Unpublished
Ph.D. thesis, University of Maryland, College Park. 158

pp.

Hoffman, R. L. 1987. Local sites of special concern in
Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 38: 399-408.

42

BANISTERIA

NO 9, 1997

Jenkins, R. E., & N. M. Burkhead. 1994. Freshwater
Fishes of Virginia. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
Maryland. 1080 pp.

Kennedy, J. H., & H. B. White III. 1979. Description of
the nymph of Ophiogomphs howei (Odonata: Gomphidae).
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington
81: 64-69.

Louton, J. A. 1982. Dragonfly (Anisoptera: Odonata)
nymphs of the southeastern United States: identification,
distribution and historical biogeography. Unpublished
Ph.D. thesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 357 pp

Matta, J. F. 1978. An annotated list of the Odonata of
southeastern Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 29:
180-182.

May, M. F. 1995. The subgenus Tetragoneuria (Aniso-
ptera: Corduliidae: Epitheca) in New Jersey. Bulletin of
American Odonatology 2: 6 3-74.

May, M. F., <Sc F. F. Carle. 1996. An annotated list of the
Odonata of New Jersey, with an appendix on
nomenclature in the genus Gomphus. Bulletin of
American Odonatology 4: 1-35.

Needham, J. G., <Sc M. J. Westfall, Jr. 1955. A Manual of
the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera), including
the Greater Antilles and the Provinces of the Mexican
Border. University of California Press, Berkeley. 615 pp.

Opler, P. A 1979. Freshwater and terrestrial insects. Pp.
171-183 In D. W. Linzey (ed.), Proceedings of the
Symposium on Endangered and Threatened Plants and
Animals of Virginia. Center for Environmental Studies,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blacksburg, Virginia.

Roble, S. M. 1994. A preliminary checklist of the
damselflies of Virginia, with notes on distribution and
seasonality (Odonata: Zygoptera). Banisteria 4: 3-23.

Roble, S. M. 1995. First record of Miathyria marcelki in
Virginia. Argia 7(2): 4-6.

Roble, S. M. 1996. Natural Heritage Resources of
Virginia: Rare Animal Species. Natural Heritage Tech¬
nical Report 96-11. Virginia Department of Conservation
and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond.
23 pp. plus appendices.

Roble, S. M., & C. S. Hobson. 1996. The Odonata of
Fort .A P. Hill and vicinity, Caroline County, Virginia.
Banisteria 7: 1 1-40.

Roble, S. M., (Sc D. J. Stevenson. 1996. First records of
Telebasis byersi from Virginia, including a new northern
range limit. Argia 8(1): 13-14.

Silverman, B. 1997. Coal spill threatens Powell River.
Virginia Chapter News (The Nam re Conservancy), Spring
1997: 5.

Stevenson, D. J., S. M. Roble, <Sc C. S. Hobson. 1995.
New records of the damselfly Ischnura prognata in Virginia.
Banisteria 6: 26-27.

Tennessen, K. J., J. D. Harper, (Sc R. S. Krotzer. 1995.
The distribution of Odonata in Aabama'. Bulletin of
American Odonatology 3: 49-74.

Terwilliger, K., <Sc J. R. Tate. 1995. A Guide to
Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia. The
McDonald <Sc Woodward Publishing Company,
Blacksburg, Virginia. 220 pp.

White, T. R., K. J. Tennessen, R. C. Fox, (Sc P. H.
Carlson. 1980. The aquatic insects of South Carolina.
Part I: Aviso ptera (Odonata). South Carolina Agri¬
cultural Experiment Station Bulletin 632: 1-153.

Wolcott, F. T., (Sc R. J. Neves. 1994. Survey of the
freshwater mussel fauna of the Powell River, Virginia.
Banisteria 3: 3-14.

43

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

An Abnormal Variant of Sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua L.)

from Caroline County, Virginia

Bruce L. King

Department of Biology
Randolph Macon College
Ashland, Virginia 23005

Leaves of individuals of Liquidambar styraciflua L.
(sweetgum) are predominantly 5 do bed, occasionally 7'
lobed or 3dobed (Radford et al., 1968; Cocke, 1974;
Grimm, 1983; Duncan & Duncan, 1988). The tips of the
lobes are acute and leaf margins are serrate, rarely entire.

In 1991, I found a seedling (2-3 yr old) that I
tentatively identified as a specimen of Liquidambar styrac¬
iflua. The specimen occurs in a 20 acre section of
deciduous forest located between U.S. Route 1 and
Waverly Drive, 3.2 km south of Ladysmith, Caroline
Couitty, Virginia. The seedling was found at the middle
of a 10% slope. Dominant trees on the upper slope
include Quercus alba L., Q. falcata Michx., and Lniodendron
tulipifera L. On the lower slope, L. styraciflua, Q. p hellos L.,
and Acer rubrum L. are dominant. Leaves of the seedling
were 3dobed, seemed smaller than normal for older
seedlings of L. styraciflua and the tips were broadlly
rounded rather than acute. I reexamined the plant in the
winter and early fall of 1996 to verify the identification
and to measure leaf characteristics at the early sapling
stage for this atypical specimen and for individuals in
three height classes of nonnal sweetgum. Identification
was made using Grimm (1983) and by direct comparisons
with typical sweetgum saplings and mature trees and with
other lobedeaved species in the area (e.g., Acer rubrum L.
and Platanus occidentals L.). A voucher specimen (summer
condition) has been deposited in the Randolph-Macon
College herbarium.

Height of the specimen in late August 1996 was 1 16
cm and based on observations of terminal bud scars and
the year in which it was first seen, the plant is estimated to
be 7-8 yr of age. Fifty leaves were measured (cm) for
maximum leaf blade width, leaf blade length, and petiole
length. The number of lobes per leaf and the state of the
leaf margins (entire, remotely serrate, serrate) were also
recorded.

Similar measurements were made from surrounding
plants in three height classes: early sapling, 61-134 cm;
large seedlings, 10-23 cm; and small seedlings (mostly first
year), 3-8.5 an. .All of the small seedlings were within 5
meters of the atypical specimen and most of the large
seedlings and saplings were within 10 meters. The greatest
distance between any two plants was 70 meters. All of the
plants measured were in dense to moderate shade. In the
seedling classes, three leaves were measured from each of
ten plants (n = 30 leaves). In the sapling class, counts of
leaf lobes and observations of lobe tips and leaf margins
were made from ten leaves from each of 20 plants (n =
200 leaves) while five plants were used for the other
measurements (n = 50 leaves). Means (cm) for maximum
leaf blade width (BW), blade length (BL), and petiole
length (PL) for each of the size classes and the atypical
specimen were: small seedlings (BW 2.4; BW, 2.4; PR
1.0); large seedlings (5.7, 4.5, 2.4); early saplings (9.6, 7.3,
5.9); atypical saplings (5.0, 4.5, 3.4). The percentage of
leaves with 3,5, and 7 lobes in each class and the unusual
specimen was: small seedlings (3 lobes, 100%,; 5 lobes,
0%; 7 lobes, 0%); large seedlings (10%, 90%, 0%); young
saplings (0.5%, 92%, 7.5%); atypical specimen (82%,
18%, 0%). .All of the leaves in all size classes were serrate
and the lobe tips were acute. In the atypical specimen the
leaves were mostly entire, occasionally remortely serrate
and the lobe tips were broadly rounded, rarely tnincate or
obtuse. Silhouettes of leaves from the the atypical and
normal specimens are shown in Figure 1. They were
produced by photocopying dried and pressed leaves. The
unusual sapling most closely resembles the seedling stages
in most of the characters examined and thus may be
simply retaining seedling characteristics, however, it is
quite distinct with respect to the shape of the lobe tips
and the predominantly entire leaf margins. Growth rates
were estimated by measuring distances between terminal
buds and terminal bud scale scars and rates calculated as

44

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

an per year. The growth rate for the atypical specimen was
15.6 cm per yr which is comparable to the mean growth
rate from 10 young saplings (15.0). The plant will be
reexamined in later years to determine if the unusual
traits are maintained.

A horticultural cultivar of L. styracifliia with rounded
leaf lobes is known as ‘Rotundiloba’ (Dirr 1990). Dirr
indicated that it had been incorrectly listed as
‘Obtusifolia’ in a 1983 edition of his work. He described
the summer leaves as lustrous dark green above and the
typical fall color as reddish-purple. Measurements of leaf

size or other leaf characteristics were not given. Fall color
for the sapling I have described was yellow (1996) and the
summer leaves were glossy green; however this was also
true of all other saplings in the study site. The fall color
and summer appearance of the leaves of many tree species
are subject to environmental variation and Dirr reported
yearly variation in ‘Rotundiloba’ from reddish-purple to
yellow. The summer and fall appearance of the leaves of
the cultivar are within the range of normal variation for L.
styracifliia. The cultivar is known to be sterile. The history
of ‘Rotundiloba’ is not explained in Dirr (1990) but the

0

1—4

4 cm

4—1 - 1

Figure 1. Leaves from an atypical sapling of Liguidambar styracifliia from Caroline County, Virginia (top) and from

typical saplings in the same height class G^ottom).

KING: SWEETGUM

45

description seems to be based on a single tree now
growing on the campus of North Carolina State
University (Raleigh) which was discovered in the wild in
North Carolina in 1930. Apparently the cultivar is not
being asexually propagated for the horticultural trade,
raxonomically, ‘Rotundiloba’ and the specimen I have
described might best be treated as a single form. 1 have
found no reports of the rou nd-lobed fomis from natural
habitats in Virginia. It is possible that round dobed
variants of L. styraciflua result from a single recurring
mutation with pleiotropic effects. Dirr (1990) reported a
branch reversion to the typical leaf shape in ‘Rotundiloba’
so the mutation may be somatic.

LITERATURE CITED

Cocke, E. C. 1974. Trees and shrubs of North Carolina.

Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 186 pp.

Dirr, M. .A 1990. Manual of Woody Landscape Plants:
Their Identification, Ornamental Characteristics, Culture,
Propagation, and Uses. 4th Ed. Stipes Publ. Co.,
Champaign, Illinois. 826 pp.

Duncan, W. H. & M. B. Duncan. 1988. Trees of the
Southeastern United States. The University of Georgia
Press, Athens, Georgia. 322 pp.

Grimm, W. C. 1983. The Illustrated Book of Trees.
Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 493 pp.

Radford, A E., H. E. Ahles, & C. R. Bell. 1968. Manual
of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of
North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. 1 183 pp.

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

Ecological Notes on the Amphibians and Reptiles of the Naval
Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Laboratory, King George County, Virginia

Kurt A. Buhlmann1

Department of Conservation and Recreation
Division of Natural Heritage
1500 E. Mam Street, Suite 312
Richmond, Virginia 23219

and

Joseph C. Mitchell

Department of Biology and School of Continuing Studies
University of Richmond
Richmond, Virginia 23173

The Virginia Department of Conservation and
Recreation, through its Division of Natural Heritage was
contracted in 1991 to conduct a natural heritage
inventory of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren

Laboratory (NSWCDL), in King George County,
Virginia. The goal of the inventory was to identify,
through field surveys, all of NSWCDL's important natural
heritage resources. By definition, this included those sites

1 Present address: University of Georgia Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802

46

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

supporting unique or exemplary natural communities,
rare plants and rare animals, and other significant natural
features (Buhlmann & Belden, 1992). We summarize
here our observations on the amphibian and reptile
species encountered in the course of this project.

King George County has not been well-explored
herpeto logically. Reed (1957) published several initial
observations and Hill 6c Pierson (1986) listed the species
they observed in Caledon State Park, located 12 km west
of NSWCDL along the Potomac River. Tobey (1985) and
Mitchell (1994) included all known records on their
distribution maps. Some of the observations reported
here represent the first county records supported by
voucher specimens.

STUDY SITE

NSWCDL is located in King George County, Virginia

and lies entirely within the northern Coastal Plain
physiographic region. NSWCDL has been operated by the
U.S. Department of the Navy since 1919. The facility
covers approximately 1758 ha (T. Wray, personal
communication). It is bordered by the Potomac River on
the east. Narrow coastal beach scrub habitat exists along
the Potomac River. Upper Machodoc Creek divides
NSWCDL into two sections. The northern portion
(Mainside) is bordered by U.S. Rt. 301 on the north and
the town of Dahlgren on the west. Mainside is further
divided by north-south flowing Gambo Creek. The
southern portion is called Tetotum Hats and includes a
wetland known as Black Marsh. Gambo Creek and Black
Marsh are extensive freshwater/brackish tidal marsh
systems. Forested habitat provides buffers for much of the
these aquatic systems. Natural terrestrial vegetation
throughout the area includes loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda)
and oak-dominated hardwood forests.

Figure 1. Forested wetland swale in the northwestern corner of NSWCDL, King George County, Virginia. Photograph

by K. A. Buhlmann, 6 November 1991.

BUHLMANN & MITCHELL: DAHLGREN HERPETOFAUNA

47

Figure 2. Gambo creek on NSW CD L, King George County, Virginia. Photograph by K. A. Buhlmann,

6 November 1991.

The topography of NSWCDL is flat with elevations
ranging from 0 to 10 m above sea level. The entire area is
underlain by one soil association, the TetotunvBladerv
Bertie. These soils are deep, moderately well drained to
poorly drained and have a clay loam, sandy clay loam, or
clay subsoil. This soil type is typically found in broad, low
lying areas (Isgrig & Strobel, 1974).

Average annual temperature is 13.9° C. Temperatures
above 42° C and below -17° C are rare (Isgrig <Sc Strobel,
1974). Maximum temperatures above 32° C occur about
30 days per year. Some mild periods occur in winter and
occasional periods of dry, mild weather replace warm,
humid air in summer. Annual precipitation averages 100
cm. Average monthly precipitation ranges from 11.7 cm
in July to 6.1 cm in February and November. During the
summer months of 1991, the area experienced periods of
drought.

NSWCDL has been altered extensively by military use
and approximately 40% is considered developed or
residential (TES, Inc. 1978). Most of the development
occurs primarily in the area immediately north of Upper
Machodoc Creek. Most of NSWCDL had been cleared of
timber in the past and large cleared areas are maintained
currently for an airplane runway on the Mainside section
and an explosives-use area in Tetotum Flats. Stands of
planted loblolly pine forests and two impoundments
occur on the facility. Disturbances such as explosives
detonation are ongoing.

An area of forested wetland swales is located in the
northwestern portion of NSWCDL. The swales drain
south to the north end of the airport ninway. The swales
border Co. Rt. 614 on the west and extend northward
beyond NSWCDL boundaries, across U.S. Rt. 301, and
onto Mathias Point Neck. These wetlands were the focus

48

BANISTERIA

NO 9, 1997

of intensive field surveys during this study because they
were believed to contain the greatest biodiversity.

The forested wetland swale consists of several
seasonally-flooded, parallel low troughs in flat topography.
The swale is further sub-categorized as extensive forested
wetland and herbaceous wetland in a recently clearcut
area. Tree species found in the forested wetland include
Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus
alba, Quercus phellos, and Quercus palustris. Tire shrub layer
is sparse to non-existent. The herb layer includes Carex sp.
and Sphagnum sp.

Several firebreaks bisect the swales. The east-west
firebreak probably interferes with natural surface water
flow. ITe wreckage of an airplane found in the northern
portion of the forested wetland may once have
contributed oils and gasoline to the surface and
groundwater.

FIELD SURVEY METHODS

A drift fence array was erected in the forested wetland
swale on 23 April 1991 and operated until 8 May 1992.
ITie array consisted of three 7.5 m arms of aluminum
flashing with a 19 liter (5 gallon) plastic bucket sunk flush
with the ground at each end. Hie arms were arranged in
an exploded spoke pattern with the interior ends of each
arm being 7.5 m from the imaginary center point. Dilute
formalin and water solution was used to preserve
specimens. Hie drift fence/pitfall array was checked
approximately every two weeks. .All specimens were
deposited in the Virginia Museum of Natural History,
Martinsville, Virginia.

In addition to drift fence methods, terrestrial habitats
were searched for salamanders. Some frog species were
identified by their vocalizations. Specific efforts were
made to determine the presence of ambystomatid
salamanders during their late-winter breeding period. We
identified and recorded all reptiles encountered during
the field surveys. We observed basking turtles with a
spotting scope or binoculars in Gambo Creek, Black
Marsh, and the impoundments.

Annotated species list

1 . Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)

Six spotted salamanders (2 adult males, 2 adult
females, 2 juveniles; VMNH 2213-2218) were collected in
pitfall traps only in spring sampling periods. Hiese
s{)ecimens represent the first verified county records

(Tobey, 1985). Spotted salamanders have also been
observed in Caledon State Park (Hill 6c Pierson, 1986).

2. Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst)

Marbled salamanders were the most numerous species
caught in pitfall traps. A total of 73 were caught
throughout the sampling period (33 males, 38 females, 2
juveniles; VMNH 2219-2289). An adult was found under
a log in the forested wetland swales area on 6 November
1991 during which time the swales were dry. Most were
caught in the fall (53%) or spring (25%).

We observed a great amount of variation in dorsal
pattern in this population. Of the 71 individuals, 31
displayed the normal crossbar pattern, 4 had complete
longitudinal stripes, and 36 (51%) had an unusually high
incidence of a combination of crossbars and partial
stripes. Of 33 males, 21 had crossbars, none had stripes,
and 12 had the combined pattern. Of 38 females, 10 had
crossbars, 4 had stripes, and 24 had the combined
pattern. Hill 6c Pierson (1986) observed this salamander
in Caledon State Park. Our specimens provide the first
vouchered county records (Tobey, 1985).

3. Plethodon cinereus (Green)

A total of 29 red-backed salamanders were caught (12
males, 9 females, 8 juveniles; VMNH 2292-2320) in fall
and spring sampling periods. Twenty of these lacked the
reddish dorsal stripe (i.e., were the “lead-backed” phase)
and 9 possessed this character. Numerous records exist for
this species in King George County (Tobey, 1985).

4. Bufo americanus americanus Holbrook

The 15 individuals recorded during this survey
(VMNH 2321-2335) were all caught in the drift
fence/pitfall array from late-April to late June and in
September to early-October. Hiese specimens represent
the first verified county record for American toads (Tobey,
1985). Hiey have also been observed in Caledon State
Park (Hill 6c Pierson, 1986).

5. Hyla chrysoscelis Cope

This species was identified based on the presence of
only Cope’s gray treefrogs in the Virginia Coastal Plain
(J.C. Mitchell and C.A. Pague, unpublished). A single
adult female (VMNH 2336) was found in a pitfall trap in
May 1992. This gray treefrog was observed in Caledon
State Park by Hill 6c Pierson (1986). It is the first
vouchered record for King George County.

BUHLMANN & MITCHELL: DAHLGREN HERPETOFAUNA

49

6. Pseudacris crucifer (Wied)

Eleven adult spring peepers (VMNH 23 37-2347) were
found in pitfall traps in spring samples. Hill & Pierson
(1986) observed this species in Caledon State Park. Our
specimens provide the first verified county records.

7. Pseudacris triseriata feriarum (Baird)

Eight upland chorus frogs (VMNH 23482355) were
caught in pitfall traps. All were caught in spring and late
summer sampling periods. These are the first voucher
specimens for King George County.

8. Rana catesbeiana Shaw

Two juvenile bullfrogs (VMNH 23562357) were
caught in pitfall traps in the September-early October
sampling period. This species was observed frequently in
the permanent waters of upper Gambo Creek. Bullfrogs
have also been observed in Caledon State Park (Hill and
Pierson, 1986). Our specimens provide the first vouchers
for King George County.

9. Rana clamitans melanota (Rafinesque)

Adult green frogs were observed at one of the
impoundments, Hideaway Pond, on 21 May 1991. Hill&c
Pierson (1986) observed this species in Caledon State
Park. The single specimen we collected (VMNH 2358)
was found in a stream feeding Hidden Lake.

10. Rana sphenocephala Cope (in recent literature as Rana
utricularia).

Twenty-one southern leopard frogs (VMNH 2359-
2366, 2367-2379) were caught in the pitfall traps in May,
June, and September-early October. Two-thirds (14) were
juveniles. Adult male captures (5) slightly outnumbered
females (2). Juveniles of this species were the most
commonly observed frog on NSWCDL. Tire wetland
swales may provide suitable dispersal habitat, but not
during dry periods like the one in 1991. These specimens
represent new county records (Tobey, 1985).

11. Eumeces fasciatus (Linnaeus)

Four individuals of the five-lined skink (VMNH
uncatalogued) were caught in pitfall traps in spring during
both 1991 and 1992 sampling periods. Three additional
localities in King George County are represented by
museum specimens (Mitchell, 1994).

12. Diadophis punctatus edwardsii (Merrem)

A single adult northern ring-neck snake (VMNH
uncatalogued) was caught in June in a pitfall trap. Three

vouchered localities are known for King George County
(Mitchell, 1994).

13. Nerodia sipedon sipedon (Linnaeus)

Several northern water snakes were observed at
Hideaway Pond on 21 May 1991. One verified record
(Mitchell, 1994) and one additional unvouchered locality
(Hill & Pierson, 1986) exist for King George County.

14. C helydra serpentina serpentina( Linnaeus)

A single snapping turtle was observed in upper Gambo
Creek on 22 May 1991. This observation is the first
record for King George County (Mitchell, 1994).

15. Chrysemys picta picta (Schneider)

Eastern painted turtles were observed at Black Marsh
and Hideaway Pond on 21 May 1991 and in upper
Gambo Creek the following day. Other unvouchered
locations known for King George County are “N of
Maple Grove” (Reed, 1957) and Caledon State Park (Hill
(Sc Pierson, 1986).

16. Kinosternon subrubrum subrubrum(P>onmtcre)

One eastern mud airtle was seen in brackish water
habitat on lower Gambo Creek on 21 May 1991. This is
the second recorded observation of this turtle in King
George County (Hill <Sc Pierson, 1986; Mitchell, 1994).

17. Pseudemys rubnventris (LeConte)

We observed red-bellied turtles in impoundments and
in Gambo Creek. A previous report had listed Pseudemys
sp. as occurring on this site (TES, Inc., 1978) that was
probably this species. Hill <Sc Pierson (1986) reported a
specimen from Caledon State Park. Our observation
represents the second observation for this species in King
George County.

DISCUSSION

The number of amphibian and reptile species now
known for King George County totals 44, including 8
salamanders, 12 anurans, 7 freshwater turtles, 6 lizards,
and 11 snakes. The observations reported here for the
Dalhgren Naval Weapons Laboratory and those of Hill &
Pierson (1986) provide the only information on the
seasonal occurrence and habitat affinities of these animals
in the county. Several common species known to occur in
surrounding counties remain to be verified, however,
suggesting that this area promises to yield additional
county records.

50

BANISTERIA

NO 9, 1997

The goal of the survey was to search specifically for rare
species (Buhlmann & Belden, 1992). Therefore, our list
of amphibians and reptiles is probably incomplete because
certain habitats were not studied. For example, no rare
snake species were expected to occur on NSWCDL,
therefore appropriate snake habitat was not thoroughly
investigated. No rare amphibians or reptiles were found
during the survey. However, several state-rare invertebrates
were collected and deposited in the Virginia Museum of
Natural History (Buhlmann & Belden, 1992).

The forested wetlands were saidied extensively for
their potential for tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum),
greater sirens ( Siren lacertina) and carpenter frogs ( Rana
virgatipes). None of these species were found and they are
not believed to occur on NSWCDL. Two of the rare
amphibians, the greater siren and carpenter frog, require
semi-permanent water. The drought in the summer of
1991, which caused the swales to dry for much of the year,
prevented any amphibian reproduction that year and
precluded the discovery of these two species. In Virginia,
the tiger salamander has only been found in sinkhole
ponds and depressions with deep water and open
canopies (Pague & Buhlmann, 1991; Buhlmann <$c
Hobson, 1996). We believe that the swales are too shallow
and too heavily canopied by trees for this species. The
impoundments are stocked with game fish and are
unlikely to provide appropriate habitat for these
amphibian species.

Although not a rare species, the wood frog ( Rana
sylmtica) was reported as occurring on NSWCDL (TES,
Inc. 1978). We encountered no evidence to suggest that a
breeding population was present. The nearest known
localities for this species are on Fort A.P. Hill, Caroline
County (J.C. Mitchell, unpublished data) and in Stafford
County (Tobey, 1985).

Management recommendations for protecting the
forested swale habitat and providing a buffer habitat in
the surrounding upland forest were made in a previous
report (Buhlmann <Sc Belden, 1992). Amphibians and
reptiles that occupy forested wetlands often utilize
adjacent uplands for dispersal, overwintering, and other
functions (Buhlmann et al, 1993). Of particular
conservation concern were the old ditch lines that still
exert a negative impact on the natural ecology of the
swales because they channel water out of the area and
facilitate draining. Hie ditches may limit the ability of the
wetlands to retain water, thereby diminishing the
opportunities for amphibian reproduction. Clearcut
operations at the southern end of this wetland system
have already seriously jeopardized the ecological integrity

of this site. Any plans to remove timber from the
remaining old swamp hardwood forest would destroy the
ecology of this forested wetland swale community.

In conclusion, although few rare species were found, a
diversity of habitats occurred on NSWCDL. The prox¬
imity of the site to the Potomac River makes it important
to migrating songbirds and waterfowl. The freshwater
wetland habitats support a relatively diverse amphibian,
reptile, and invertebrate fauna for this small area.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The U.S. Navy (NSWCDL) provided funding for the
Division of Natural Heritage to conduct the inventory.
Dr. Thomas Wray provided assistance in the field and was
invaluable in helping with the logistics of carrying out this
project. Chris Pague, Chris Ludwig, and Nancy Van
Alstine assisted with construction of the drift fence
trapping site. Steve Roble commented on the manuscript.
Manuscript preparation was supported by Financial
Assistance Award Number DE-FC09-96SR18546 from
the U.S. Department of Energy to the University of
Georgia Research Foundation.

LITERATURE CITED

Buhlmann, K.A., & A. Belden. 1992. A Natural Heritage
Resources Inventory and Biological Assessment of the
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren * Laboratory,
Department of the Navy, Dahlgren, Virginia. Natural
Heritage Technical Report 92-26. Department of
Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural
Heritage. Richmond, VA. 28 pp.

Buhlmann, K.A., J.C. Mitchell, & C.A. Pague. 1993.
Amphibian and small mammal abundance and diversity
in saturated forested wetlands and adjacent uplands of
southeastern Virginia. Pp. 1-7, In S.D. Eckles, A.
Jennings,' A. Spingharn, and C. Wienhold (eds).
Proceedings of a Workshop on Saturated Forested
Wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Region: the State of the
Science. LJ.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD.

Buhlmann, K.A, & C.S. Hobson. 1996. Geographic
distribution: Arnfwtoma tigrinum tigrinum. Herpeto logical
Review 27(1):28.

Hill, J.M., & r. A. Pierson. 1986. Hie herpetofauna of
Caledon State Park, Virginia. Catesbeiana 6:1 1-17.

BUHLMANN & MITCHELL: DAHLGREN HERPETOFAUNA

51

Isgrig, D., & A. Strobel, Jr. 1974. Soil Survey of Stafford
and King George Counties, Virginia. U.S. Department of
.Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 124 pp. + maps.

Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 352 pp

Pague, CA & K.A Buhlmann. 1991. Eastern tiger
salamander. Pp. 431-433 In K. Terwilliger (Coordinator),
Virginia’s Endangered Species. McDonald & Woodward
Publishing Co., Blacksburg, VA

Reed, C.F. 1957. Contributions to the herpetofauna of

Virginia. No. 2, the reptiles and amphibians of the
Northern Neck. Journal of the Washington Academy of
Science 47:21-23.

Terrestrial Environmental Specialists, Inc. 1978. Floral
and Faunal Survey of the Naval Surface Weapons Center
Dahlgren Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia. Unpublished
report. 246 pp.

Tobey, F.J. 1985. Virginia’s amphibians and reptiles, a
distributional survey. Virginia Herpe to logical Society,
Purcellville, VA. 114 pp.

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

Scotch Broom, A New Host of Two Native
Bugs in Virginia (Heteroptera: Alydidae)

A. G. Wheeler, Jr.

Department of Entomology
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631

A new host relationship for two native heteropterans,
the alydids Ahciirs eurmus (Say) and Megalotomns quinque-
spinosus (Say), was discovered during recent fieldwork in
Virginia. Their association with an introduced shmb,
Scotch broom ( Cytisus scoparins; Fabaceae) is reported in
this note.

The Host Plant

Scotch (or common) broom, indigenous to western
Europe, is a wiry, much-branched deciduous shmb with
green stems and bright yellow flowers (Everett, 1981). It
has been introduced to the Pacific Northwest and to
eastern North Anerica as an ornamental and as a soil
binder that retards erosion and stabilizes coastal sand

dunes (Bossard <Sc Rejmanek, 1994). In Virginia, Scotch
broom has been planted since the eighteenth century,
having been recommended for hedges by Thomas
Jefferson (Leighton, 1976). This woody legume has
become a serious weed of western rangelands, and it also
displaces native plants in the Sierra Nevada foothills,
hindering reforestation and increasing the fire hazard
among older trees. Several Old World insects that
specialize on broom have been imported and released for
the biological control of this plant in the West. Such
attempts, however, have not reduced its densities (Frick,
1964; Bossard Sc Rejmanek, 1994).

Athough not considered pestiferous in the East,
Scotch broom sometimes escapes from cultivation. It has
become naturalized from Nova Scotia to Virginia. In the

52

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

latter state it has been planted along highways, and it is
locally common in the central and eastern counties
(Pfeiffer, 1986; Gleason & Cronquist, 1991; Harvill et al.,
1986).

The Bugs

Both true bugs are native species of the family
Alydidae. Commonly termed broadheaded bugs, they
range throughout most of North America: in Canada
from Quebec and Ontario to British Columbia, and in
the United States from Maine to Florida and west to
California (Froeschner, 1988). Both Alydus eurinus and
Megalotomm quinquespinosm occur statewide in Virginia
(Hoffman, 1975).

These bugs belong to a mainly legume-feeding sub¬
family, the Alydinae. Nymphs sometimes feed on fallen
seeds in the litter layer, but they more often occur on their
host plants, where they feed on developing fruits and
seeds. They are commonly found in weedy fields and
along roadsides on clover ( Trifolium spp.), sweet clover
(. Melilotm spp.) and other herbaceous legumes. These bugs
have also been observed on flowers of New Jersey Tea
(C eanothus americanus; Rhamnaceae) and on vertebrate
carrion (Blatchley, 1926; Yonke <Sc Medler, 1968;
Schaefer, 1972, 1980; Hoffman, 1975; Schaefer <Sc
Mitchell, 1983; Adler <Sc Wheeler, 1984). Alydus eurinus
feeds on soybean pods and is considered a potential pest
of this crop (W ilkinson <Sc Daugherty, 1967).

Virginia Observations

On July 4, 1995, I collected adults and mid- to late-
instar nymphs of A. eurinus and M. qumquespinosus in
landscape plantings of Scotch broom at five sites in
Hampden-Sydney (Prince Edward Co.), including four on
the campus of Hampden-Sydney College. .About 15 adults
of A. eurinm and five of M. quinquespinosm were observed
with smaller numbers of nymphs of both species.
Individuals were beaten mainly from plants bearing
numerous seed pods. Nymphs of the more abundant
alydid, A. eurinm, especially resembled the large black ants
that were common on the same plants.

Other insects that had colonized this introduced shrub
included both adventive and indigenous species. Old
World species observed at Hampden-Sydney were the
bruchid Bruchidi us ater (Marsham) and the twobanded
Japanese weevil Ccilhrhopalm bifasciatm (Roelofs). Native
species developing on Scotch broom included the
planthoppers Acanalonia conica (Say), Metcalfa pruinosci
(Say), and Ormenoides venusta (Melichar).

Voucher specimens of the alydids and baichids have
been deposited in the insect collections of Cornell
University and the Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture.

DISCUSSION

It is hardly surprising that these heteropterans have
colonized Scotch broom, considering the diversity of
legumes they are known to use for reproduction. It is not
unusual for two or three alydid species to feed on the
same host at a particulkar locality, or even on the same
plant (Schaefer, 1980). The occurrence of A. eurinm and
M. quinquespinosm on this woody shrub, however,
contrasts with their typical association with herbaceous
hosts. In addition, the habitat - landscape plantings -
differs somewhat from thatr recorded in the literature.

A lydm eurinm and Megalotomm quinquespinosm have
undergone a host shift - that is, they have added the
nonindigenous shrub Scotch broom to their diet. In
Virginia this plant has accumulated an insect fauna that
includes adventive species such as the psyllid Arytainilla
spartiophila (Foerster) (Pfeiffer, 1986) and native species
such as the two alydids. "Host shifts" and colonization of
introduced plants, especially crops such as cocoa and
soybean, are well known and often involve similarities in
secondary chemistry. For an introduction to the litertaure
on this subject, the reader may consult Futuyma (Sc
Slatkin (1983) and Strong et al. (1984).

LITERATURE CITED

.Adler, P. H., (Sc A. G. Wheeler, Jr. 1984. Extra-
phytophagous food sources of Hemiptera-Heteroptera:
bird droppings, dung, and carrion. Journal of the Kansas
Entomological Society 57: 21-27.

Blatchley, W. S. 1926. Heteroptera of True Bugs of
Eastern North America, with Especial Reference to the
Faunas of Indiana and Horida. Nature Publishing
Company, Indianapolis. 1116 pp.

Bossard, C. C., <Sc M. Rejmanek. 1994. Herb ivory,
growth, seed production, and resprounting of an exotic
invasive shrub Gy tisus scoparim. Biological Conservation
67: 193-200.

Everett, T. H. 1981. The New York Botanical Garden
Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Vol. 3, Cha-Di.
Garland Publishing, New' York. pp. 705-1058.

WHEELER: SCOTCH BROOM

53

Frick, K. E. 1964. Lencoptera spartifoliella, an introduced
enemy of Scotch broom in the western United States.
Journal of Economic Entomology 57: 589-591.

Froeschner, R. C. 1988, Family Alydidae Amyot and
Serville, 1843: The broad-headed bugs. Pp. 4-11 In T. J.
Henry and R. C. Froeschner (eds. ) Catalog of the
Heteroptera, or True Bugs, of Canada and the
Continental United States. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 958 pp.

Futuyma, D. J., & M. Slatkin (eds.). 1983. Coevolution.
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Mass. 555 pp.

Gleason, H. A, <$c A Cronquist. 1991. Manual of
Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and
Adjacent Canada, 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden,
Bronx, N. Y. 9 10 pp.

Hoffman, R. L. 1975. The Insects of Virginia: No. 9.
Squash, broad-headed, and scentless plant bugs of
Virginia (Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Coreidae, Alydidae,
Rhopalidae). Bulletin of the Research Division, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University 105: 1-52.

Leighton, A 1976. American Gardens in the Eighteenth
Century. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. 514 pp.

Pfeiffer, D. G. 1986. ArytainiUa spartiophila (Foerster)
(Homoptera: Psyllidae) in Cytisns scoparius (L.) Link in

Virginia: first record in eastern North America. Journal
of Entomological Science 21: 214-218.

Schafer, C. W. 1972. Clades and grades in the .Alydidae.
Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 45: 135-141.

Schaefer, C. W. 1980. The host plants of the Alydinae,
with a note on heterotypic feeding aggregations
(Hemiptera: Coreoidea: Alydidae). Journal of the Kansas
Entomological Society 53: 1 15-122.

Schaefer, C. W., & P. L. Mitchell. 1983. Food plants of
the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 76: 591-615.

Strong, D. R., J. H. Lawton, & T. R. E. Southwood.
1984. Insects of Plants: Community Patterns and
Mechanisms. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
313 pp.

Wilkinson, J. D. & D. M. Daugherty. 1967. Biology of
the broadheaded bug Alydns pilosulus (Hemiptera:
.Alydidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of
Anerica 60: 1018-1021.

Yonke, T. R., & J. T. Medler. 1968. Biologies of three
species of Alydus in Wisconsin. Annals of the
Entomological Society of America 61:5 26-5 3 1 .

M egalotomus quinquespinosus (Say)
(from Froeschner, 1988)

54

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

New Distributional Records for the Water Scorpion Nepa
apiculata in the Coastal Plain of Georgia and Virginia

Dirk J. Stevenson1 and Steven M. Roble

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
Division of Natural Heritage
1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312
Richmond, VA 23219

The extant water scorpion (Heteroptera: Nepidae)
fauna of the continental United States and Canada is
comprised of 13 species in three genera (C uricta, Nepa,
Ranatra) (Polhemus, 1988). The genus Nepa is monotypic
in North America, with the single species, Nepa apiculata
Uhler 1862, restricted to eastern North America. It is
easily distinguished from all other North American water
scorpions by its short and robust body shape (Hungerford,
1922; Sites & Polhemus, 1994).

In a recent synoptic treatment of the water scorpions
of the United States and Canada, Sites <Sr Polhemus
(1994) stated that N. apiculata is distributed throughout
the northeastern United States (and along the southern
border of Canada from Quebec as far west as Manitoba)
west to North Dakota and Oklahoma, and south to
Georgia. The range map in Sites &. Polhemus (1994)
restricted the distribution of N. apiculata in Georgia to the
extreme northwestern corner of the state, although the
exact collection locality of the lone record from this state
(first reported by Van Duzee, 1917) is unknown (J. T.
Polhemus, pers. comm.), and our efforts to find this
specimen were futile. A disjunct record for extreme
southern peninsular Honda (Cape Sable, specimen in
USNM) was discounted by Sites & Polhemus (1994)
because this locality is widely separated from the
remainder of the known range of this species, and the
identity of this specimen (an early instar) is tenuous.

The distribution map for N. apiculata in Sites &
Polhemus (1994) portrays its range in the Atlantic Coastal
Plain as extending south only to extreme southeastern

Figure 1. Distribution of Nepa apiculata (dashed line) as plotted
by Sites & Polhemus (1994) The dot shows the general location
of the two Georgia records reported in this paper.

Virginia. Bobb (1974) commented that N. apiculata is
"decidedly rare in the Southeastern States" and stated that
the only specimen known from Virginia was collected on
13 October 1973 in Gloucester County by A G. Michael
of Old Dominion University (specimen in ODU
collection). Bobb (1974) was apparently unaware of the
existence of three additional specimens of N. apiculata in

1 Present address: DPW, ENRD, Fish and Wildlife Branch, AFZP-DEV-W, Fort Stewart, GA 31314

STEVENSON & ROBLE: WATER SCORPION

55

the USNM that were taken in Gloucester County
(presumably at the same unspecified locality) on this date
(R.L. Hoffman, pers. comm.), although he did note that
specimens from Patuxent and Plummer’s Island,
Maryland were in this collection. An additional specimen
from the latter site is in the Cornell University collection
(J. K. Liebherr, pers. comm.). Polhemus (1988) failed to
include Virginia among the states from which N. apiculata
had been documented, whereas the range map in Sites <Sc
Polhemus (1994) suggests that it occurs statewide.
However, to our knowledge, the only other Virginia
collection made prior to publication of the latter paper
consists of an adult female obtained by John T. Polhemus
on 15 April 1990 from a spring seep along the South
Fork of Quantico Creek in Prince William Forest Park,
Prince William County (J.T. Polhemus, pers. comm.;
specimen in JTP personal collection).

During the 1996 field season, we collected N. apiculata
from two sites in the Coastal Plain of Virginia, as well as
from two sites in the Coastal Plain of Georgia, the latter
collections representing a significant southward extension
of the known distribution for this species (Figure 1). On
30 March 1996, DJS collected an adult N. apiculata from
within a water-soaked log in shallow water in a bald
cypress ( Taxodium disticfuwiptupelo gum (Nyssa aquatica)
swamp along the Blackwater River near the County Route
603 crossing, 9.0 km ENE Waverly, Sussex County,
Virginia. SMR collected an immature specimen of N.
apiculata on 8 August 1996 while dipnetting in aquatic
vegetation along the edge of the Blackwater River in a bald
cy press- tupelo gum swamp, 5.3 km NE Ivor, South¬
ampton County, Virginia. The latter site is approximately
25 km downstream of the former locality. Both of these
specimens have been deposited in the Virginia Museum
of Natural History, Martinsville, Virginia.

The new N. apiculata records documented for Georgia
(specimens deposited in the Elniversity of Georgia
Museum of Natural History) are from sites in the Alta-
maha River drainage and are in the lower Coastal Plain.
On 3 May 1996, DJS collected an adult specimen at night
from a small stream which flows through bald cypress-
tupelo gum swamp on the north side of the Altamaha
River at Ga. Rte 121/144, 18.0 km SW Glennville,
Tattnall County, Georgia. A single adult, also found at
night, was taken by DJS on 20 May 1996 from leafy
detritus at the edge of the Ohoopee River at Hwy. 178,
17.5 km W Glennville, Tattnall County, Georgia.

Like most nepids, N. apiculata prefers lentic situations.
It has been reported to inhabit the muddy shorelines of
spring-fed bodies of water (Sites <Sc Polhemus, 1994),
shallow, grassy slow-moving streams (Torre-Bueno, 1923),

debris in streams (Hilsenhoff, 1984), acidic seepage
swamps (reported as “bogs” by Ferris <Sc Harp, 1982),
sparse to dense vegetation (Torre-Bueno, 1905), and mud

Figure 2. Distribution of Nepa apiculata in Virginia. The dashed
line indicates the Fall Zone separating the Coastal Plain and
Piedmont physiographic provinces. The open circle denotes an
unspecified locality in Gloucester County and the triangle
indicates the location of Plummer’s Island, Maryland.

and debris in shallow swamps and ponds (Sanderson,
1982). It has also been found under stones in shallow
water (Torre-Bueno, 1923). Hungerford (1919) described
N. apiculata as "mud-loving", while other investigators have
determined that this species is able to estivate in mud
(Larimore et. al., 1959), and that females oviposit in mud
(McPherson & Packauskas, 1987).

Our recent collections document only the third and
fourth known sites for N. apiculata in Virginia (Figure 2),
and reveal that the range of this water scorpion extends
south in the Atlantic Coastal Plain to at least the Alta-
nraha River, Georgia. Mud-bottomed still water habitats
(floodplain swamps, oxbow sloughs) are extensive at/near
each of the new collection sites for N. apiculata that we
derail in this note. The putative rarity of N. apiculata in

56

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

the southeastern United States (Bobb, 1974) may be
attributable to the cryptic appearance and habits of this
species. It is difficult to collect using traditional aquatic
insect net methods, as specimens blend well with leaf
litter and may feign death when captured (Sites <$c
Polhemus, 1994). Hungerford (1919) stated that this
species is “usually found in raking out mud and trash
near the water’s edge.” It should be noted that three of
our four specimens were collected by hand; the fourth
was in fact taken dipnetting, but the collector was
looking carefully (specifically) for N. apiculata specimens
as he searched each net haul. Other collectors have also
had success capturing this species by hand (J.T.
Polhemus, pers. comm.). Given the vast amount of
blackwater stream/floodplain swamp habitat present in
the Coastal Plain of Virginia and southeastern Georgia,
as well as in the Carolinas, it is likely that additional
sites remain to be discovered for N. apiculata in the
southeastern Coastal Plain.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Larry Smith and Tom Rawinski of the Division of
Natural Heritage assisted with collections made at the
Blackwater River site in Sussex County. The Virginia
Chapter of The Nature Conservancy granted access to
the Ivor site. John T. Polhemus and Robert W. Sites
graciously answered our inquiries and provided
unpublished data. We thank the following individuals
for searching the indicated museum collections on our
behalf for specimens of Nepa apiculata from Georgia
and Virginia: Richard L. Hoffman (Virginia Museum of
Natural History, Blacksburg and Martinsville; USNM),
James K. Liebherr (Cornell University), Eric L. Quinter
(American Museum of Natural History), Norman D.
Penny (California Academy of Sciences), Philip D.
Perkins (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University), John E. Rawlins (Carnegie Museum of
Natural History) and Cecil L. Smith (University of
Georgia).

LITERATURE CITED

Bobb, M. L. 1974. The aquatic and semi-aquatic
Hemiptera of Virginia. The Insects of Virginia: No. 7.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Research Division Bulletin 87: L195.

Ferris, J. L., & G. L. Harp. 1982. Aquatic macro-
invertebrates of three acid bogs on Crowley’s Ridge in
northeast Arkansas. Proceedings of the Arkansas
Academy of Science 36: 23-27.

Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1984. Aquatic Hemiptera of
Wisconsin. Great Lakes Entomologist 17: 29-50.

Hungerford, H. B. 1919. The biology and ecology of
aquatic and semiaquatic Hemiptera. University of
Kansas Science Bulletin 11: 3-328.

Hungerford, H.B. 1922. The Nepidae of North
America. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 14: 425-
469.

Larimore, R. W., W. F. Childers, &c C. Heckrotte.
1959. Destruction and reestablishment of fish and
invertebrates affected by drought. Transactions of the
American Fisheries Society 88: 261-285.

McPherson, J. E., & R. J. Packauskas. 1987. Life history
and laboratory rearing of Nepa apiculata (Heteroptera:
Nepidae), with descriptions of immature stages. Annals
of the Entomological Society of America 80: 680-685.

Polhemus, D. A. 1988. Family Nepidae Latreille, 1802:
the water scorpions. Pp. 528-532 In T. J. Henry <$c R.
C. Froeschner (eds.), Catalog of the Heteroptera, or
True Bugs, of Canada and the Continental United
States. Brill, Leiden.

Sanderson, M. W. 1982. Aquatic and semiaquatic
Heteroptera. Pp. 6.1-6.94 In A. R. Brigham, W. U.
Brigham, & A. Gnilka (eds.), Aquatic Insects and
Oligochaetes of North and South Carolina. Midwest
Aquatic Enterprises, Mahomet, Illinois.

Sites, R. W., & J. T. Polhemus. 1994. Nepidae
(Hemiptera) of the United States and Canada. Annals
of the Entomological Society of America 87: 27-42.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1905. Practical and popular
entomology. - No. 4. Notes on collecting, preserving and
rearing aquatic Hemiptera. Canadian Entomologist 37:
137-142.

Torre-Bueno, J. R. de la. 1923. Family Nepidae. Pp.
399-402 In W. E. Britton (ed.), Guide to the insects of
Connecticut. Part IV. The Hemiptera or sucking insects
of Connecticut. Connecticut Geological and Natural
History Survey Bulletin No. 34.

Van Duzee, E. P. 1917. Catalogue of the Hemiptera of
America north of Mexico excepting the Aphididae,
Coccidae and Aleurodidae. Llniversity of California
Publications in Entomology 2: 1-902.

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

57

Freshwater Fishes of an Isolated, Interdunal Freshwater Ecosystem

in Northern Virginia Beach, Virginia

Joseph C. Mitchell

Department of Biology and School of Continuing Studies
University of Richmond
Richmond, Virginia 23173

Kurt A. Buhlmann1

Department of Conservation and Recreation
Division of Natural Heritage
1500 E. Main St., Suite 312
Richmond, Virginia 23219

and

Mitchell D. Norman

Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
5628'B Godwin Blvd.

Suffolk, Virginia 23434

The freshwater cypress-gum swamps located among
dune ridges along the Atlantic coast of southeastern
Virginia are a series of shallow wetlands that seldom dry
completely. Most of the extant swamps are located at the
northern end of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia, in
Seashore State Park and Natural Area. The park is a
unique natural area and recreation site that receives
several million visitors annually. The area is also unique
because it supports populations of rare and geographically
disjunct species (Clampitt, 1991; Henry, 1993). A small
portion of the park lies along the southern shore of the
Chesapeake Bay, but the majority of the park and all of
the designated natural area are behind the coastal dunes
and beaches.

Seashore State Park supports a series of secondary
dunes, swales, interdunal cypress swamps and ponds, a
forest of loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda), water oak (Quercus
nigra), hickories (Carya sp.), red maple (Acer rubrum),
redbay ( Persea borbonia), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and
cypress ( Taxodium distichum), and the tidal-influenced
Broad Bay (Wright et al, 1990; Clampitt, 1991). It
originally included the portion of Cape Henry that is now
utilized by the U.S. Army as Fort Story (Adkins, 1990). A
narrow strip of city residential homes lies along U.S. Rt.
60 Atlantic Avenue) and separates the park from the
.Atlantic Ocean to the east. .Aquatic habitats in the park
other than interdunal swamps and ponds include the
Chesapeake Bay, Fong Creek, and Broad Bay. The latter

Present address: University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Drawer E, Aiken, South Carolina 29802)

58

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

separates the park from the highly urbanized City of
Virginia Beach to the south.

Seashore State Park is well known for its flora and
fauna, having been the subject of investigations on plants
(Egler, 1942; Wright et ah, 1990; Clampitt, 1991),
amphibians and reptiles (Werler & McCallion, 1951;
Buhlmann et al, 1993; Mitchell, 1994; Buhlmann,
1995), and small mammals (Buhlmann et al, 1993).
.Although the fishes of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal
reaches are well known (Murdy et al., 1997), the
freshwater fishes of the interdunal freshwater swamps
have not been studied systematically. Jenkins & Burkhead
(1994) included Seashore State Park on the distribution
maps of four species, one of which was based on an
unverified report. They also reported the mummichog
(Fundulus heteroditus) from tidal areas. In this paper we
review the known freshwater fish fauna of the interdunal
cypress-gum swamps in this unique ecosystem in
southeastern Virginia and add an additional six species to
the checklist.

Information reported herein is derived from spec¬
imens collected and observations made during 1980-1987
and in 1989. Most of the fish were collected in turtle traps
made of chickenwire (Iverson, 1979), but some were
obtained with dipnets and minnow traps. All specimens
have been donated to the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science in Gloucester Point.

A total of 10 species of freshwater fish were collected
or observed in the cypress swamps of Seashore State Park
during this survey. Tire habitat of each species consists of
shallow, dark, acidic water with varying depths of
decomposing organic matter on the bottom. All of the
swamps sampled are located in the vicinity of the park’s
nature and environmental education centers in the
interior of the park.

1. Acantharckus porno tis - Three specimens of the mud
sunfish (92, 120, 162 mm standard length [SL]) were
collected on 15 September 1984 and two (114 and 152
mm) on 12 September 1985. JCM and KAB observed this
species frequently in turtle traps set in shallow ponds near
the Nature Center and Environmental Education Center
in the 1980s. A total of 13 were caught in five minnow
traps on 22 December 1989. Jenkins and Burkhead
(1994) illustrated a record for Seashore State Park.

2. Amia calva - JCM observed an adult bowfin in a large
and deep, interdunal, cypress-gum swamp on 19
September 1984. Jenkins <$*. Burkhead (1994) included a
record for Seashore State Park.

3. Aphredodertis say anus - A total of 14 pirate perch were
collected on 15 September 1984. The series averaged 65.1
± 19.3 mm SL (36-95 mm). New record.

4. Centrarchus macropterus - Fliers were the most common
fish encountered in the interdunal cypress swamps, many
of which were caught in turtle traps. Two (42 and 50 mm
SL) were collected on 15 September 1984. Four were
caught in five minnow traps on 2 December 1989 and 42
were caught on 22 December 1989. New record.

5. Ckologaster cornuta - A single specimen of the swampfish
(27 mm SL) was collected on 14 August 1984 in the
interdunal pond adjacent to the nature center by Bonnie
J. Larson. Its occurrence in Seashore State Park noted by
Jenkins & Burkhead (1994) is based on a personal
communication about this specimen from C.A. Pague.
KAB observed an adult in an interdunal swamp adjacent
to the access road on 14 November 1989.

6. Enneacantkus obesus - Two banded sunfish (69 and 80
mm si) were collected on 15 September 1984. New
record.

7. Esox niger - One chain pickerel measuring 265 mm SL
was caught on 15 September 1984. New record.

8. Gambusia holbrooki - This native species was reported for
Seashore State Park by Jenkins <$c Burkhead (1 994).

9. Leporms gulosus - Two wanuouth (101 and 144 mm SL)
were caught on 12 May 1987. New record.

10. Umbra pygmaea - Eastern mudminnows were collected
on 16 August 1980 (34 mm SL) and 15 September 1984
(52, 57, 58, 63 mm SL). Several were observed during 4
July - 5 December 1989. New record.

Die wetlands supporting these fish populations may
be relics of a much more extensive system of interdunal
swales and freshwater swamps and ponds that existed
during the Pleistocene (Oats & Coch, 1973). Rising sea
levels since the last glaciation eliminated many of these
wetlands in southeastern Virginia and northeastern North
Carolina. Die populations and genetic lineages of the
native species in Seashore State Park are probably at least
as old as the Pleistocene.

Jenkins & Burkhead (1994) pointed out that four of
the ten species recorded here (chain pickerel,
mudminnow, pirate perch, and swampfish) seem localized

MITCHELL ET AL • FRESHWATER FISHES

59

in the area. Their distribution patterns may be artifacts of
collecting effort and alteration of wetlands by human
activities. Nevertheless, the freshwater fish fauna of
Seashore State Park more closely resembles that of the
Great Dismal Swamp than the fish in the freshwater
ponds among the dunes in Nags Head Woods on the
Outer Banks of North Carolina. Norman et al. (in press)
lists 32 species (including six introduced species) for Lake
Drummond and adjacent drainage ditches in the Great
Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. These include
all of the species now verified for Seashore State Park. The
freshwater ponds in Nags Head Woods contain seven
species, only one of which ( Gambusia holbrooki ) also occurs
in the swamps of Seashore State Park. In contrast, the
herpetofaunas of Seashore State Park (Buhlmann et al.,
1993; J.C. Mitchell and CA Pague, unpublished), Great
Dismal Swamp (Mitchell et al., in press), and Nags Head
Woods (Braswell, 1988) are all similar.

The freshwater fish fauna in the cypress-gum swamps
of Seashore State Park appeared to he stable in the 1980s.
Our observations throughout that period suggested no
changes in abundance. Management of this vertebrate
assemblage in the interdunal ponds could be
accomplished by allowing the dune-swamp ecosystem to
remain intact and unaltered, and by preventing
introductions of fish and other vertebrates derived from
other locations.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Christopher A Pague, Bonnie ]. Larson, Maureen
Hudson, Alan H. Savitzky, David A Young, and
numerous park personnel assisted in the field during our
excursions to Seashore State Park. C. A Pague provided
several fish specimens. We thank Park Superintendent
Fred Hazelwood for his support of our field studies.
Robert E. Jenkins reviewed the manuscript. The Virginia
Department of Conservation and Recreation provided
permits. Manuscript preparation was supported in part by
Financial Asistance Award Number DETC09'
96SR18546 from the U.S. Department of Energy to the
LUiversity of Georgia Research Foundation.

LITERATE IRE CITED

.Adkins, L. M. 1990. Seashore State Park: a walking guide.
Tidewater Publishers, Centreville, MD. 64 pp.

Braswell, A L. 1988. A survey of the amphibians and
reptiles of Nags Head Woods Ecological Preserve. ASB
Bulletin 35:199-217.

Buhlmann, K. A 1995. Habitat use, terrestrial
movements, and conservation of the turtle, Deirochelys
reticularia in Virginia. Journal of Herpetology 29:173-181.

Buhlmann, K. A, J. C. Mitchell, <Sc C. A Pague. 1993.
Amphibian and small mammal abundance and diversity
in saturated forested wetlands and adjacent uplands of
southeastern Virginia. Pp. 1-7 In S. D. Eckles, A
Jennings, A Spingam, and C. Weinhold (eds.), Pro¬
ceedings of a Workshop on Saturated Forested Wetlands
in the Mid-Atlantic Region: The State of the Science. U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, Annapolis, MD.

Clampitt, C. A 1991. The upland plant communities of
Seashore State Park, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science
42:419-435.

Egler, F. E. 1942. Check list of the ferns and flowering
plants of die Seashore State Park, Cape Henry, Virginia.
Mimeographed Publication, New York State College of
Forestry, Syracuse, NY. 60 pp.

Henry, T. J. 1993. A striking new genus and species of
bryocorine plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) from eastern
North .America. Jeffersoniana 2: 1-9.

Iverson, J. B. 1979. Another inexpensive turtle trap.
Herpetological Review 10:55.

Jenkins, R. E., & N. M. Burkhead. 1994. Freshwater
Fishes of Virginia. Anerican Fisheries Society, Bethesda,
MD. 1080 pp.

Mitchell, J. C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia.
Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 352 pp

Mitchell, J. C., C. A Pague, & D. J. Schwab. In press.
Herpetofauna of the Great Dismal Swamp. In R. K. Rose
(ed.), Proceedings of the Third Symposium on the Great
Dismal Swamp. Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA

Murdy, E. O., R. S. Birdsong, and J. A Musick. 1997.
Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C. 496 pp.

60

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Norman, M. D., R. T. Eades, & G. L. Swihart. In press.
Fishes of the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia. In R. K.
Rose (ed.), Proceedings of the Third Symposium on the
Great Dismal Swamp. Old Dominion University,
Norfolk, VA.

Oats, R. Q., & N. K. Coch. 1973. Post-Miocene
stratigraphy and morphology, southeastern Virginia.
Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Bulletin 82:1-135

Schwartz, F. J. 1988. Pre- and post-drought fish surveys of

selected freshwater ponds located in Nags Head Woods,
Nags Head, North Carolina. ASB Bulletin 35:189-198.

Werler, J. A, & J. McCallion. 1951. Notes on a collection
of reptiles and amphibians from Princess Anne County,
Virginia. American Midland Naturalist 45:245-252.

Wright, J. B., L. G. Musselman, G. F. Levy, and J. L.
Kernell. 1990. The vascular flora of Seashore State Park,
Virginia Beach, Virginia. Rhodora 92:90-102.

Shorter Contributions

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

JFWEN1LE GREEN TURTLES ( CHELONIA MY DAS)
STRANDED BY COLD IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY -
Reports of sea turtles stranded because of cold water
temperatures are not uncommon for coastal Atlantic
waters north of the Carolinas (Morreale et at, 1992;
Shoop <$c Kenney, 1992). In the Chesapeake Bay of
Virginia, USA, stranded sea turtles have been reported for
all months outside of the normal activity season (May-
October) when juveniles of at least four species
(loggerhead [C arena caretta], green turtle [Chelonia nrydas],
hawksbill lEretmochelys imbricata], Kemp’s ridley
ILepidochelys kempii]) enter the Bay to forage (Keinath et al.,
1987; Mitchell, 1994). Sea turtles usually enter and leave
the Chesapeake Bay when the water temperature rises
above or falls below 18° C (Musick, 1988). Barco <Sc
Pitchford (1990) reported that four live C. caretta and one
live L kempii were found stranded on beaches along the
southern end of the Chesapeake Bay and on the Atlantic
beach of the City of Virginia Beach, Virginia, between 8
and 14 December 1989. They also noted that five
additional loggerheads were found after this period.
.Although several individuals of C. mydas have been
recorded for the Chesapeake Bay (Keinath et al, 1987;
Keinath Musick, 1991), reports of stranded green
turtles due to cold temperatures in this estuary have not
been published.

The earliest Chelonia mydas recorded in the waters of
the Chesapeake Bay during winter months was a juvenile
(National Museum of Natural History, USNM 51212)
found on 25 January 1893 at the mouth of the Bay by J.A

Bully. Ihis record was first reported by Reed (1957). The
latest record is of a juvenile found on 14 December 1995
on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay about 0.8 km
south of Kiptopeke State Park, Northampton County,
Virginia by G. Williamson and P. Williamson. The turtle
measured 33.9 cm straightline carapace length and 27.9
cm plastron length. It was dead when found but exhibited
no obvious signs of injury or decomposition. Water
temperatures in the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, the
mouth of the James River, and southwest of Cape Charles
on 12 December 1995 were 5.5-6.8°C (n = 6 each depth)
at 1 m, 5.7-6.8°C at 5 m, 5.3-7.3°C at 10 m, and 6.1-
9.8°C at 15 m. These temperatures, well below those
marking annual entry and exit to and from the Bay, and
the late dates, suggest that the deaths of the juvenile
reported here and the one reported by Reed (1957) were
related to cold torpor. If these are rare occurrences, then
the losses to the Chelonia mydas population off the North
American coast may not be severe. However, the
continued decline of this species causes even these rare
instances of natural mortality to grow in importance.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Mike Lane (Old Dominion
University, Norfolk, VA) for the temperature data. Jack
Musick and Steve Roble commented on earlier drafts of
the manuscript.

Literature Cited

Barco, S.G., <Sc ED. Pitchford. 1990. Field notes: Caretta
caretta (loggerhead sea turtle) and Lepidochelys kempi
(Atlantic Ridley sea turtle). Catesbeiana 10:19.

SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS

61

Keinath, JA, & JA Musick. 1991. Atlantic green turtle,
Cheloma mydas. Pp. 449-450 In K. Terwilliger
(Coordinator), Virginia’s Endangered Species. McDonald
& Woodward Publishing Co., Blacksburg, VA.

Keinath, J A, J A Musick, & RA Byles. 1987. Apects of
the biology of Virginia’s sea turtles: 1979-1986. Virginia
Journal of Science 38:329-336.

Mitchell, J.C. 1994. The Reptiles of Virginia.

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 352 pp.

Morreale, S.J., AB. Meylan, S.S. Sandove, <Sc EA
Standora. 1992. Annual occurrence and winter mortality
of marine turtles in New York waters. Journal of
Herpetology 26:301-308.

Musick, JA 1988. The sea turtles of Virginia with notes
on identification and natural history. 2nd edition. Virginia
Institute of Marine Science, Education Service, No. 24.
Gloucester Point, VA. 22 pp.

Reed, C.F. 1957. Contributions to the herpetology of
Virginia, 3: the herpetofauna of Accomac and
Northampton counties, Va. Journal of the Washington
Academy of Science 47:89-91.

Shoop, C.R., <Sc R.D. Kenney. 1992. Seasonal
distributions and abundances of loggerhead and
leatherback sea turtles in waters of the northeastern
United States. Herpetological Monographs 6:43-67.

Joseph C. Mitchell

Department of Biology and School of Continuing Studies
University of Richmond
Richmond, Virginia 23173

Donald J . Schwab

Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
5806 Mooretown Road
Williamsburg, Virginia 23188

and

Gary M. Williamson
False Cape State Park
4001 Sandpiper Road
Virginia Beach, Virginia 23456

Banisteria, Number 9, 1997
© 1997 by the Virginia Natural History Society

THE LEAF BEETLE PSEUDOU\MPSlS GUTTATA
(LECONTE) IN VIRGINIA (CHRYSOMELIDAE:
ALTICINAE). * A blacklight trap placed by Steven M. Roble
and the author beside a private access road continuing Co.
Rt. 666, 2 km east of Claresville, Greensville Co., Virginia,
collected a large number of insects during its overnight
operation on 7-8 August 1996. Upon being sorted for
preparation at the Virginia Museum of Natural History, the
accumulation was noted to include dozens of specimens of a
small and very colorful alticine chrysomelid not represented in
the museum's collection. On the basis of enlarged
metafemora, apically spherical 5th tarsomere of the rear legs,
and densely hispid elytra, the species was identified to the
genus Distigmoptera with the recent manual of northeastern
beetles by Downie <Sc Arnett (1996). However, the specimens
did not conform to the generic diagnosis in lacking both mid-
elytral depressions and long coarse dorsal setae, nor did it "key
out" to any of die six species treated. Several individuals sent
to the Department of Entomology, National Museum of
Natural History were identified by Steven Lingefelter,
Research Entomologist with the USDA Systematic
Entomology Laboratory, to be Pseudolampsis guttata (LeConte),
a beetle widi a distinctly Lower Austral distribution

The collection site is beside an extensive permanent
marsh in the Meherrin River floodplain. Subsequent sorting
of backlogged samples at VMNH produced three additional
specimens of guttata, taken by random sweeping of low
vegetation near the Meherrin River on 19 August 1994
(VMNH survey party). This site is about 1 km east of the
blacklight station, with which it seemed to have few
vegetational facies in common.

Ongmally described from Louisiana, P. guttata was not
listed for North Carolina in either of the insect lists compiled
by Brimley (1938) or Wray (1967), and no specimens are
represented in the insect collection at North Carolina State
University. It is recorded by Kirk (1969) for Rorenoe and
Sumter counties, South Carolina, with the notation
"Extremely rare, but common locally." These are apparently
the northernmost published localities for the species. The
known range was reviewed by Balsbaugh (1969), who
established that the beetle extends from South Carolina to
Argentina.

Dr. Ungafelter kindly provided a list of the guttata material
in the USNM collection. Most (16 specimens) are from
.Alachua and Highlands counties, Honda, but several are from

62

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Morgan, Louisiana (7), and Marion, Somerset Cnunty,
Maryland (1). This last locality, near the midlength of the
Delmarva Peninsula, extends the known range of the species
some 210 km northeast of the Greensville County site and
530 km (320 miles) from Florence, S. C.

Kirk specified black lighting as the source of his South
Carolina material, and several USNM series from Maryland,
Florida, and Louisiana carry a similar notation, suggesting this
to be an optimal way to obtain the species. However, since
both VMNH and DCR-DNH personnel have employed
blacklight techniques at many sites in southeastern Virginia
during the past six years without encountering this beetle
elsewhere, some environmental factor is an obviously
important detenninant affecting its local distribution. A series
of 10 beetles from Alachua County, Horida (USNM), are
noted to have been reared on Azolla carolmiana, which
suggests that light traps placed near Azolla "stands" have a good
chance to obtain tins "Extremely rare, but common locally"
species elsewhere in eastern Virginia.

Pseudolampsis guttata is an elegant little beetle, with a
maximum length of about 3.0 mm. Tire thorax is notably
narrow (about as wide as a single elytron), and the entire body

surface is invested in very fine dense pubescence. W ith bw
magnification the body appears nearly black, except that the
pubescence reflects light as either white or gold, depending on
the angle of illumination. In most specimens the midelytral
regions tend to be somewhat reddish or maroon. Legs and
antennae are light brown to yelbwish. Species of Distigmoptera
are similar in size and proportions, but are much "shaggier"
with long coarse hairs dorsally, and each elytron is marked
with a circular pit near the midlength.

I am indebted to Dr. Robb for his ongoing and fruitful
collaboration with VMNH inventory work, to Robert L.
Blinn for access to the NCSU collection, and to Dr.
Hngafelter for making tire identification and providing
collection data from specimens in the USNM collection.

Uterature Cited

BaLsbaugh, E. U., Jr. 1969. Pseudolampsis (Coleoptera,
Chiysomelidae, Alticinae): Distribution and Synonymy.
Coleopterists' Bulbtin 23: 16T8.

Bnmley, C. S. 1938. The insects of North Carolina, being a
list of the insects and their near relatives. North Carolina
Department of Agriculture, Rabigh. 560 pp.

Downie, N. M., and R. H. Arnett, Jr. 1996. The beetles of
northeastern North America. Sandhill Crane Press,
Gainesville, Horida. VoL 2, pp. 89 IT 721.

Kirk, V. M. 1969. A list of the beedes of South Carolina. Part
1 - Northern Coastal Plain. South Carolina Agricultural
Experiment Station Teclmical Bulletin 1033: 1-124.

Wray, D. L. 1967. The insects of North Carolina, third
supplement. North Carolina Department of Agriculture,
Rabigh. 181 pp.

Richard L. Hoffman

Virginia Museum of Natural History

Martinsville, Virginia 24112

MISCELLANEA

63

Miscellanea

Book Review

A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia,
coordinated by Karen Terwilliger and John R. Tate,
abridgment by Susan L. Woodward. 1995. The
McDonald (Sc Woodward Publishing Co., Blacksburg,
VA. x + 220 pages. Softcover. $14.95 + shipping ($3.00).
Available from Tire McDonald 6c Woodward Publishing
Co., 6414 Riverland Dr., Fort Pierce, FT 34982.

I figure it’s never too early to instill a conservation
ethic in a child, so I have been searching my library for
just the right kind of natural history books to read to little
Peter. He definitely likes pretty pictures, so this rules out
most of my floras. Virginia’s Endangered Species (McDonald
and Woodward Publishing Co., 1991) has great
photographs, but it’s a large book and difficult to manage
with a baby on one’s lap. Thankfully, Karen Terwilliger,
John R. Tate, and Susan L. Woodward have compiled A
Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia, an
abridged and updated version of the aforementioned
award-winning volume. As a smaller, less expensive book
with superb color photographs, the Guide suits us just fine
as we spend quality time with the Appalachian
Monkeyface, the Barking Treefrog, and Addison’s
Leatherflower. In all, the Guide contains 140 one-page
accounts of plants and animals officially recognized or
proposed as threatened or endangered on state and
federal lists. The featured plants, arthropods, mollusks,
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals show us
biological diversity in rare form and color. Three plants,
three freshwater mussels, one isopod, and one bird have
been added to the Guide to reflect recent discoveries and
status changes since 1991. Also, individual species
accounts now exist for the marine mammals.

Tire species accounts are concise and well written, but
I was very disappointed that an opportunity was missed to
clarify the often confusing and important distinction
between federal and state legal status designations. On
page 40, for example, red ink is used to highlight the fact
that Northern Joint-vetch is “Endangered (proposed).”
The reader does not know if this is in reference to a
federal or a state status designation, and would not know

that the species is federally threatened unless he or she
happened to scmtinize Appendix III on page 200. As a
proposed state endangered species, Northern Joint-vetch is
not yet afforded legal protection under the Virginia
Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act, but is protected
under the federal Endangered Species Act, as amended.

Virginia distribution maps are provided for all species
except sea turtles and marine mammals, which is
understandable. But where is an index map to the
counties and independent cities? It is unfortunate that no
such index is provided in the Guide. There is no
explanation for the use of open circles to illustrate the
distribution of the Mountain Lion. Referring back to
Virginia Endangered Species, I am left to assume that the
open circles denote unsubstantiated records of the
Mountain Lion, which in my opinion don’t belong in
either book. An open circle is also used to show the
distribution of the Shortnose Sturgeon. This open circle
represents a confirmed record of the species from the
Potomac River, but the actual collection site is
Washington, DC. Confusion could have been avoided by
eliminating this particular distribution map.

The book’s introduction focuses on agencies
responsible for endangered species conservation in
Virginia, enabling legislation, and the many ways citizens
can promote endangered species conservation. In the
discussion of the Endangered Plant and Insect Species Act
on pages 3 and 4, candidate species are described, but no
mention is made of proposed species. It would have been
helpful to clarify the subtle distinction between these
terms, as defined in the Act, so thar readers would know
exactly what a proposed endangered species is.

I was especially pleased that the book included “The
Nature of Virginia”, an excellent overview of the
Commonwealth’s natural environments and biota
originally written by Susan L. Woodward and Richard L.
Hoffman for Virginia’s Endangered Species. Each major
taxonomic section of the book begins with a discussion of
the ecology, identification, and unique conservation
issues facing the particular group of species.

Appendix III has serious problems. The heading reads,
“Species Listed as Endangered or Threatened in Virginia.”
But because several of the species are not yet officially

64

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

listed, the heading is misleading. As an example, five of
the six insects mentioned are “Threatened (proposed)” in
their respective species accounts. Perhaps a unique status
code should have been applied to the proposed species to
indicate such. Chaffseed ( Schwalbea americana), federally
endangered since 1992, and Seabeach Pigweed
(Amaranthus pumilus), federally threatened since 1993,
shoidd have been included in this tabulation. Several
omissions and errors exist among the legal status codes.
Tire code of SER for the Brook Floater is undefined and
is probably a typographical error. The code of FE should
have been applied to Michaux’s Sumac and Peters
Mountain Mallow, and the code FT removed from
Ginseng. Also, according to my inquiries, die Prairie
White Fringed Orchid has not yet been officially
proposed as a state endangered species, and is as yet only a
candidate species. Fastly, Fimbristylis perpusilla is mis-
spelled, and readers might wonder why the Cumberland
Bean and Pink Mucket, listed in this appendix, are not
given full-page descriptions in the main body of the book.
Incidentally, Amaranthus pumilus is misspelled in
Appendix V.

The Guide nevertheless is a beautiful, informative, and
important book. It should appeal to the widest possible
audience, in part because the use of technical terms is
limited and literature citations - which might distract some
readers - have been removed from the text. I do question,
however, the decision to supplant metric units of
measurement with English units. Many school children
are familiar with the metric system, and I feel that an
element of precision may have been compromised by
converting the body length measurement of the Swamp
Skimmer, for instance, from 43-49 mm to “about l7 / 8 to
2 inches.”

Although this book falls somewhat short of its
intended purpose, 1 do recommend it to all lovers of
nature. .And, I can attest to the fact that the book offers
parents and children an exciting alternative to traditional
bedtime story reading! A take-home message of the book
is that Virginia citizens can play an active role in
endangered species conservation. You’ll be glad to own
this book, and to know that royalties from your purchase
went to the Virginia Nongame and Endangered Wildlife
Program.

rhomasj. Rawinski

Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation
Division of Natural Heritage
1500 E. Main St., Suite 312
Richmond, VA 23219

Obituary

David A. Breil

E>r. David A. Breil, Professor of Biology at Longwood
College, passed away suddenly on March 3, 1997. He was
doing what he liked to do on that day, he was teaching his
morning class at the college. A memorial service was held
at the Farmville United Methodist Church on March 6,
which was attended by students, colleagues from the
Natural Sciences Department and throughout the college,
and many friends. Dave is survived by his wife, Phyllis S.
Breil, and six children.

Dave was born in Massachusetts, received his B.S. and
M.S. degrees from the University of Massachusetts, and
earned his Ph.D. in Botany from Florida State University.
He had been on the Longwood faculty since 1968, serving
as advisor to many biology majors over the years, Delegate
to the Longwood Council, Chairman of the Landscape
Planning Committee, and President of the
Longwood/Hampden-Sydney Sigma Xi Club. He was a
member of the American Bryological and Lichenological
Association, the Virginia Academy of Science, the
Southern .Appalachian Botanical Club, and Sigma Xi. He
taught in the Environmental Science graduate program at
Longwood, he taught at Mountain Lake Biological
Station, and he directed wildflower walks at Wintergreen
on occasion. He is cited in a popular botany text for his
research on mosses used as nest building materials by
native birds in the Appalachian Mountains of Virginia.
He most recently published “Liverworts and homworts of
the Virginia Piedmont” in Banisteria (1996, number 8).

Dave was a member of the Virginia Natural History
Society, with a gift membership. I gave him the gift, or
rather Hampden-Sydney did, as a thank you because he
came to my botany class last spring to teach our students
about mosses and liverworts. Dave had made this trip of
seven miles to my college from Longwood in Farmville
every other year for the past eight. It was on these days
that I too learned more about these small plants and
watched my students be inspired to go collecting and
identifying the bryophytes introduced to them by Dave. I
am grateful for his talents as a teacher, his scholarship,
and his friendship. I will remember him every time I teach
about the cellular detail of sphagnum and the “leaf’
arrangements of mosses and liverworts.

Anne Lund

Associate Professor and Chair
Biology Department
Hampden-Sydney College

MISCELLANEA

65

Reports

1. Minutes of the Executive Committee Meeting of the
Virginia Natural History Society, December 16, 1996, at
Hampden-Sydney College.

In attendance: Norm Fashing, Richard Hoffman,
Michael Kosztarab, Barry Knisley, Anne Lund, Joe
Mitchell, Dick Neves, and Tom Rawinski. I lie meeting
was called to order by President Knisley.

The Secretary/Treasurer reported that the treasury
contained $5,821 at the end of November. Membership
was 146, including libraries and organizations. It was
suggested that libraries and public and private colleges
should be sent a letter again encouraging membership. A
brochure describing the Society was discussed, and
Rawinski and Mitchell were to pursue this matter.

The editors reported that Banisteria number 8 was
being printed. They noted that there were some delays,
some postal, in getting the pages to the printer. They were
pleased to mention the lead article on bryophytes of the
Virginia Piedmont and that several manuscripts were left
over to start the next number. The journal will contain an
announcement of the joint VN1TS/VAS meeting in
Blacksburg in May 1997.

Hoffman would include information about the VNHS
in the next available magazine published by the Virginia
Natural History Museum.

Election of new officers was discussed. Rawinski will
become President for 1997-1998. Vice President and
Secretary/Treasurer were on the ballot unopposed.
Several names were put forward for the vacant Councilor
position, and those people were to be contacted to
determine if they would allow their names to be placed on
the ballot. Knisley would prepare the ballot.

Richard Hoffman would be accepted as a Life Member
of the society. He received a thank you from the Society
for the balance of the contribution he made originally for
the publication of the first issue of Banisteria.

Mitchell and others discussed possible symposia
sponsored by the VNHS. 1 Tiere was some discussion of a
joint sponsorship of a symposium with the National
Forest Service, including the possibility of publishing the
proceedings from such a symposium.

A call will be made to members to propose invited
sjx'akers for the Natural History and Biodiversity section
of the VAS (the VNHS meeting venue) for their annual
meeting in Blacksburg.

Anne Lund
Secretary/T reasurer

Announcements

1 . Forthcoming meetings

The Society for the History of Natural History - 27-29
April 1997, University of Virginia, Charlottesville. This is
their 1 l,h international conference. This society publishes
Archives of Natural History three time a year.
Membership is open to anyone interested in the history of
botany, geology, and zoology. Contact The Secretary,
Society for the History of Natural History, c/o The
Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7
5BD England.

Virginia Herpetological Society - 9-11 May 1997.
Southeastern Virginia. Assemble at the Super 8 Motel in
the City of Suffolk. The field trip will be to the U.S. Naval
Facility at the southern end of the City of Chesapeake.
This area is part of the historical Dismal Swamp and
supports a rich herpetofauna. Excursions will be led by
Dr. Alan Savitzky to canebrake rattlesnake research sites
and by others on general herpetofaunal forays. For
infonnation, contact Michael S. Hayslett, Secretary VHS,
923 Euclid Ave., Lynchburg, VA 24501 or Michael
Pinder, Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, 2206
S. Main St., Suite C, Blacksburg, VA 24060 (540-552-
6992).

VNHS - 22 May 1996. VPI&.SU, Blacksburg, VA, with
the Virginia Academy of Science. Persons interested in
presenting a paper at this meeting should contact the
VNHS secretary.

2. Forthcoming Symposia

The George Washington and Jefferson National
Forest (now combined administratively) is planning to
organize a one-day symposium on the history, physical
environment, and natural history of the Big Levels
sinkhole pond area of Augusta County. This area is rich
in human and natural history and has been the target of
numerous biotic investigations. The area is well known
for its northern and Coastal Plain disjunct populations
and for several unique species. Dr. Daniel Downey will
host the meeting at James Madison University,
Harrisonburg, VA The date has not yet been determined,
but is planned for early 1998. Plans include the
publication of the papers given at this symposium in an
issue of Banisteria. For additional information, contact
Dr. Joseph C. Mitchell (Co-editor).

66

BANISTERIA

NO. 9, 1997

Instructions for Contributors

Banistena accepts manuscripts of one to several pages
in length that contribute to the public and scientific
knowledge of the natural history of Virginia. This
publication is intended to be an outlet for the kind of
information that is useful but would not be accepted in
the mainstream journals. Information found in field
notebooks and files that never made it into scientific
journals is especially important. Banisteria’s focus is
classical and therefore slanted toward organismal biology.

Manuscripts should be sent in duplicate to one of the
Co-editors, who will assign them to an appropriate section
editor, who in turn will seek one or sometimes two
reviews. Reviews of manuscripts written by a section
editor will be handled by a different editor. Authors
should retain both the original typescript and figures until
final acceptance for publication. Photocopies are adequate
for review purposes.

Manuscripts must be written on one side of standard
size paper (21.5 x 28 cm) using double spacing
throughout. Words should not be hyphenated. Use single
spacing between sentences.

Manuscripts should be arranged in the following
order: title, author’s name, author’s address, text,
acknowledgments, literature cited, tables, figure legends,
figures. Long manuscripts should have standard sections,
e.g., Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion.
Short manuscripts (<4-6 pages) should not have these
sections. All pages should be numbered, including tables.
The title should be concise but informative. It, and the
author’s name and address should be centered at the top
of the first page. The text should begin on the first page
beneath the author’s address. Use good judgment on
arrangement of sections when other than the standard
approach is necessary. Use underlines for species’
scientific names.

References: Lise the following as a guide. Spell out
journal names in full.

Journal article with 1 author

Scott, D. 1986. Notes on the eastern hognose snake,
Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille (Squamata: Colubridae), in a
Virginia barrier island. Brimleyana 12:5T55.

Journal with 2 authors

Tilley, S. C., & D. W. Tinkle. 1968. A reinteqiretation of
the reproductive cycle and demography of the salamander
Desmognathusochrophaeus Copeia 1968:299-303.

Journal with 3+ authors

Funderburg, J. B., P. Hertz, & W. M. Kerfoot. 1974. A
range extension for the carpenter frog, Rana virgatipes
Cope, in the Chesapeake Bay region. Bulletin Maryland
Herpetological Society 10:77-79.

Book:

Harris, L. D. 1984. The Fragmented Forest. University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 211 pp.

Chapter in a book

Gentry, A H. 1986. Endemism in tropical versus temper¬
ate plant communities. Pp. 153-181, in: M. Soule (ed.),
Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates, Inc.,
Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Report:

The Nan ire Conservancy. 1975. The preservation of
natural diversity: A survey and recommendations. Report
to the U.S. Dept, of Interior, Washington, D.C., 189 pp.
(include report series and number if present).

Tables: Each table should be typed on a separate sheet of
paper. A legend for each table should follow the number
and must be on the same page as the table. Ruled,
horizontal lines should be avoided except at the top and
bottom of the table.

Figures: Black and white line drawings are acceptable for
publication. They should be less than 21.5 x 28 cm in
size. The back of each figure should be labeled with the
author’s name.

Photographs: Banisteria will accept high contrast black
and white photographs. Submit at least 5x7 inch photos
and mount them if possible.

Abbreviations: The following common abbreviations are
accepted in Banisteria: n (sample size), no. (number), SVL
(snout-vent length; define on first usage); yr (years), mo
(months), wk (weeks), h (hours), min (minutes), s
(seconds), P (probability), df (degrees of freedom), SD and
SE (standard deviation and standard error), ns (not
significant), 1 (liter), g (gram), mm (millimeter), and C
(degrees Celsius). Do not abbreviate “male” and “female”,
or dates, or undefined terms.

Electronic transfer of manuscripts: Once a manuscript
has been accepted for publication, one paper copy and an

MISCELLANEA

67

electronic copy on a 3.5 inch diskette should be sent to
R.L. Hoffman at the Virginia Museum of Natural History.
If possible, use IBM-compatible systems with Word
Perfect or Microsoft Word.

Reprints: Reprints are not provided. However, authors
and their institutions may photocopy their articles for
personal use and for exchange purposes.

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