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BULLETIN
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
VOR. RAI Faia.
EDITOR, J. A. ALLEN.
234255°
ae Pays t Se, LIB hi a
eee
NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1915.
FOR SALE AT THE MUSEUM.
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.
SEVENTY-SEVENTH STREET AND CENTRAL ParkK.WEsT, NEw York City.
~~ BoarpD OF TRUSTEES.
PRESIDENT.
HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.
First VicE-PRESIDENT. Second VICE-PRESIDENT. CLEVELAND H. DODGE. J. P. MORGAN. TREASURER. SECRETARY. CHARLES LANIER. ' ADRIAN ISELIN, Jr.
JOHN PURROY MITCHEL, MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, WM. A. PRENDERGAST, COMPTROLLER OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. CABOT WARD, PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS.
GEORGE F. BAKER. ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES. | FREDERICK F. BREWSTER. _ WALTER B. JAMES. JOSEPH H. CHOATE. A. D. JUILLIARD.
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ANSON W. HARD. GEORGE W.WICKERSHAM. ARCHER M. HUNTINGTON. |
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS. DIRECTOR. ASSISTANT-SECRETARY.
FREDERIC A. LUCAS. GEORGE H. SHERWOOD.
ASSISTANT- TREASURER.
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il
Scientific Staff.
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GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALHONTOLOGY.
Epmunp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Curator. CuesteR A. Reeps, Ph.D., Asst. Curator.
MINERALOGY.
L. P. Gratracap, A.M., Curator. Grorce F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator Gems.
WOODS AND FORESTRY.
Mary Cyntruia Dickmrson, B.S., Curator.
INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY.
Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator.
Roy W. Miner, A.B., Asst. Curator.
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Asst. Curator.
L. P. Gratacap, A.M., Curator Mollusca. A. J. Mutcuusr, Assistant. FRANK E. Watson, B.S., Assistant. W. M. Wueever, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social Insects.
A. L. TREADWELL, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata. CHartes W. Lena, B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera.
ICHTHYOLOGY AND HERPETOLOGY.
BASHFORD DEAN, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus. Louis Hussaxor, Ph.D., Curator Ichthyology. Joun T. Nicuous, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes.
Mary Cynruia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator Herpetology.
Iv
Scientific Staff.
MAMMALOGY AND ORNITHOLOGY.
J. A. Atuen, Ph.D.; Curator.
Frank M. Cuapman, Sc.D., Curator Ornithology. Roy C. AnpRrews, A.M., Asst. Cur. Mammalogy. W. DewW. Miter, Asst. Curator Ornithology. H. E. Antuony, B.S., Assistant Mammalogy. HERBERT LANG, Assistant Mammalogy. James P. CuHaprn, Assistant Ornithology.
VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.
Henry Farrrietp Ossorn, LL.D., D.Sc., Curator Emeritus. W. D. Marruew, Ph.D., Curator. : Wa.tTER GRANGER, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]. Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]. Wiuuiam K. Grecory, Ph.D., Assoc. in Paleontology. CuarLes R. Eastman, Ph.D., Research Associate.
ANTHROPOLOGY.
CLARK WISssLER, Ph.D., Curator.
Purny E. Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology. Rosert H. Lowrie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator. Hersert J. Sprnpen, Ph.D., Asst. Curator.
Nets C. Neuson, M.L., Asst. Curator. CuHarLes W. Mean, Asst. Curator. ALANSON SKINNER, Asst. Curator.
Harvuan I. Smita, Hon. Curator Archeology. M. D. C. Crawrorp, Research Associate in Textiles.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Raueu W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
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PUBLIC EDUCATION.
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BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS.
Raupuo W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator. | Ipa Ricuarpson Hoop, A.B., Asst. Librarian.
(ore? Be:
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXIV.
Paae. Title-page.. i Officers and easton: ili Scientific Staff. . iv Contents. . Be Bete raed Tt: NOUR MeN Seat Ey Gir) sale IN Vil Tates Of Pabliontioa of hear Gr a eid ee Reet Olay eel ak eee me peas a Oar aN) List of Illustrations. . ie Be ai: ix List of New Names of ‘Gener. abregene oe: ata Subepecta: honky XV Errata. . shat Sk ev oe cat ee Mae OU h Oks Ce de Pat ara Miele cue igte Saher teed Cea er ind an KIX Art. J.—A Revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. By W. D. Matraew and WattTerR GRANGER. Part I. Order Ferz (Carnivora). Suborder Creodonta. By W. D. Matruew. (Eighty-seven text figures.).. ; i IJ.— Description and Records of Coccide. By T. D. A. en are and EL1zABETH RoBINson. (Nineteen text figures.)........ 105 IJJ.— Gastropod Mollusca from the Tertiary Strata of the West. By T. D. A. CockERELL. (Five text figures.).. PES TV.— New species of Unio from the Tertiary Rocks of Weems, ae T. D. A. CockERELL. (Four text figures.) ./ ‘ 121 V.— A new Characin Fish from Brazil. By tony een NicHouts. (One text figure.).. 127 VI.— Notes on Ptilosis, with special iene a the Feathenitio of the wing: By Wi TW a sr a aa 2G -VII.— Fishes new to Porto Rico. By Jou TREADWELL NICHOLS. (Two text figures.).. 141 ~~ VITII.— Review of the South Acuaoun etme: Be * a sie | (Plates I-XIV, and twenty-five text figures.) . . 147
IX.— A Revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch ond Wind re ; Faunas. By W. D. Martrruew and WALTER GRANGER. Part II]. Order Condylathra. Family Hypsodontide. By W.D.Marruew. (Ten text figures.) .. oO de X.— A Revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatth aad Wiad ee Faunas. By W. D. Marraew and WaLTeR GRANGER. Part III. Order Condylarthra. Families Phenicodontide and Meniscotheriide. ae WALTER GRANGER. (Seven-
teen text figures.).. ; 329
XI.— Descriptions of Rie posed: 1 new pas from Contral nd. South, America. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN.. O08
XII.— Some additions to the North American hare Panne! aoe oe
LIAM Morton WHEELER..... . Dr ia ees as) emcee Seon ees co) XIII.— Descriptions and Records of Cae ey, PA COORERELIN | and ELIzABETH Roprnson. (Three text figures.).......... 423
vii
Pin’
vill Contents.
XIV.— A Revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. By W. D. Marruew and WALTER GRANGER. Part IV. Entelonychia, Primates, Insectivora (part). By W.D. Marrurew. (Plate XV, and fifty-two text figures.). . XV.— On Reptiles of the New Mexican, Trias in the Cope Collection. By FrizgpRicH von Humne. (Sixty-four text figures.). . XVI.— Descriptions of three new Birds from the Belgian Congo. By JAMES P. CHaprn. (One text figure.).. hae 3 XVII.— Three new Genera of Birds. By W. Dewees Wahine. i ae — XVITI.— Notes on American Deer of the Genus Mazama. By J. A. ALLEN. . NE Ed bk sea Sire A. ahs 4 tue XIX .— List of the Carabidae af Piece ‘Sag CHARLES W. LENG. .. XX.— On Heterandria zonata sp. nov. and Heterandria versicolor (Giin- ther) from the Island of Santo Domingo. Lae JOHN TREAD- WELL NicHots. (Three text figures.).. Rte, XXI.— Experiments with Drosophila See ae concerning N hucal Selection. By Frank E. Lutz.. —~ XXII.— New South American Mammals. By J. a Praia: XXIII.— Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds. iia Rain M. CHAPMAN... . Re Soh Meta e tae et ey este SM ta Mare WD we ENDEX.....:
DATES OF PUBLICATION OF SEPARATA.
PAGE.
663
The edition of separata is 300 copies, of which about 100 are mailed on the date
of issue, and the others placed on sale in the Library.
Art. I, “March 3; 1915. es RA, Sept..: 8, 1915. apne: a 5, F915: XIV, ; 24, 1915. ane UK a : oF 2ULO. DOME) INOW oo ae LO. eae: Fak vm AB BEN Pn SEM). hot -| 20, : $985. rere ie AE LOTS, ped. S NR 20, 1915. aera oS) LES, no ge Eee! OR BORG: ay li: peer pram pene M9 % 30, 1915. PW il 2) Why. dg; bobo: +o.» (eG,;. ARO TO, baat Or . 29, 1915. Pi sea 10, 1915. nivoaates June 4, 1915. vy eee 30, 1915 pate cos May 27, 1915. ae << -5 5 2 ae 30, 1915.
Pet Ue 4, 1915.
Illustrations. ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES.
1 — Skulls of North American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Sciwrus vulgaris leucourus (for comparison); Figs. 7-9, Batosciurus deppei vivax; Figs. 10-12, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus gymnicus.
I1.—Skulls of North American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Echinosciurus aureogaster hypo- pyrrhus; Figs. 4-5, E. poliopus cervicalis; Figs. 6-7, E. eee variegatoides; Fig. 8, LH. melania.
Iil.— Skulls of North American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Neosciurus carolinensis caro- linensis; Figs. 4-6, Hesperosciurus griseus griseus.
IV.— Skulls of North American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Otosciurus aberti aberti; Figs. 4—6, Parasciurus arizonensis. | V.— Skulls of North American Squirrels. Figs. 1-2, Parasciurus niger rufiventer;
Figs. 5-6, P. oculatus oculatus; Figs. 8-9, P. apache.
VI.— Maxillary teeth of North American Squirrels. Fig. 1, Syntheosciurus brochus; Figs. 2-3, Tamiasciurus hudsomus gymnicus; Figs. 4-5, Sciurus vulgaris leu- courus (for comparison); Figs. 6-7, Baiosciurus deppei matagalpe; Figs. 8-9, Echinosciurus aureogaster hypopyrrhus; Figs. 10-11, E. poliopus cervicalis; Figs. 12-13, Neosciurus carolinensis carolinensis; Figs. 14-15, Hesperosciurus griseus griseus; Fig. 16, Otosciurus aberti aberti; Figs. 17-18, Parasciurus niger rufiventer; Figs. 19-20, P. arizonensis arizonensis; Figs. 21-22, P. apache; Fig. 23-24, P. oculatus oculatus.
VII.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3. Nannosciurus whitehead (for comparison); Figs. 4-6, Microsciurus similis similis; Figs. 7-8, Leptosciurus pucheranit pucheranti; Figs. 10-12, L. ignitus irroratus; Figs. 13-14, L. leu- cogaster.
VIII.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-8, Mesosciurus hoffmanni hoff- manni; Figs. 4-5, M. gerrardi gerrardi; Figs. 7-8, M. saltuensis bonde; Figs. 9-10, M. gerrardi miller.
IX.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Notosciwrus rhoadsi; Figs. 4-6, Guerlinguetus estuans estuans; Fig. 8, G. estuans gilvigularis; Figs. 9-10, G. ingram. 7
X.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Urosciurus tricolor; Figs. 4-6, U. duda.
XI.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-3, Urosciurus pyrrhonotus pyrrho- notus; Figs. 4-6, U. langsdorffit langsdor ffir. |
XII.— Skulls of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-8, Semosciurus stramineus stra- mineus; Figs. 4-6, S. flammifer.
XIII.— Maxillary teeth of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-2, Nannosciurus whiteheadi (for comparison); Figs. 3-4, Microsciurus similis simiiis; Figs. 5-6, Leptosciurus pucheranii pucheranii; Figs. 7-8, L. ignitus wroratus; Figs. 9-10, L. leucogaster; Figs. 11-12, Mesosciurus hoffmanni hoffmann; Figs. 13-14, M. gerrardi gerrardi; Figs. 15-16, M. saltuensis bonde; Figs. 17-18, M. gerrardi
x : Illustrations.
milleri; Figs. 19-20, Guerlinguetus estuans estuans, Figs. 21-22, G. estuans gil- vigularis; Figs. 23-24, G. ingram.
XIV.— Maxillary teeth of South American Squirrels. Figs. 1-2, Urosciurus duida; Figs. 3-4, U. igniventris igniventris; Figs. 5-6, Simosciurus stramineus stramineus; Figs. 7-8, Hadrosciurus flammifer.
XV.— Arctostylops steint, lower jaw.
Text FIGURES.
PaGeE. Chriacus galline, upper and lower teeth, crown and outer views of mi_2, p?-m? 6 4 “ parts of limb bones and fore foot.. 6 Thryptacodon olsent, upper teeth, crown and baie; views. ya 7 p antiquus, upper teeth, lower jaw, and distal ead of eta 9 . olsent, skull and crown view of upper teeth.. . 10 ¥, “ parts of fore limb.. 11 . ‘““ bones of hind ob. feet? 12 Anacodon ursidens, lower jaw and crown view niet tseis.. 15 5 cultridens, upper and lower cheek teeth, crown views ... Reale 16 Didymictis, upper teeth of D. altidens, D. protenus, D. haydenianus....... .. j 19 . protenus lysitensis, upper teeth, crown view; left side, m\; lower jaw, outer view; calcaneum and astragalus.. 22 i altidens, palatal and side views of skull. . 23 " “lower jaw, outer view, with crown view of thei, 24 ae “ tibia and fibula, anterior and distal views....... . 25 ‘s “hind foot, dorsal and inner views. Te eyes 26 Vwerravus, lower jaws of V. dawkinsianus, V. acutus, v aliens ; 27 ft. acutus, lower jaw, inner and outer views, and crown view of death 27 r “ upper jaw fragment with molar teeth. . 28 $ politus, lower teeth, inner and outer views. , 28 Uintacyon massetericus, lower jaw, outer view, and crown wand aloes views pes Fs . teeth. . Gan 26. . upper jaw fragments as 1 pa a left bis eta ta ¥ . right side .. pees Pen kit 30 rudis, lower jaw fragment anal crown views -) atti ne a 30 Miia taiens aint 1h, CHOIR: TOWES RMB Cre. Se Leas os ek eee 33 “ _ exiguus, palate view of skull............ CDA de ree ES, er 34 “lower jaw, inner, coclieel and aber views. ye aig a Rc, 35: “ latidens, upper and lovee Jaw with molar teeth, 6g. ek. Te en 36 Vulpavus CANO IS ane Vs melratis; AO WERE. Lo. clon eee. 8 a ee ee 37 Sriciol “lower jaw and crown view of bata” Mek cere Pian: 38 : australis, lower jaw and outer view and crown view of suite 5 39 V dissienen. pronichodon, CONDON AN. SCAR i Cech Said ges slit) VkaN lS eee 2 40 a r Le tenn FE Hs ss Kec Wet hE RO 4] a 4 lower jaw-and teeth. Ret Pye fc oe an eae 42 : is humerus, radius, ulna, ‘sna nae eres. aie, 43
<calleaneurh-and astiagalos.. eer Rear oo We. Oe eae an 44.
Illustrations.
Oxyena equidens, lower teeth, cro6wn and outer views.....
transiens, upper jaw, occlusal and outer views...
. lower jaw, outer and occlusal views.... ee RIL Re lupina, lower jaw, outer and crown views of teeth.............. forcipata, upper jaw, outer and occlusal view.....
‘ lower jaw, external and superior views... .. gulo, upper jaw, crown and outer views.
“lower jaw, outer view, and crown view , ion pardalis, lower teeth, inner, crown, and outer views....
Ambloctonus, lower jaws. .
“
PrUscus, peratedt anion. Seuibeak view.
hyenoides, milk premolars and m,_2, outer view cand crown view of teeth.. ie iB
priscus, upper deeths arieaneL. saa crown views.
hycenoides, lower jaw, outer view, and crown a inner views ae teeth.. :
jaw ceaginent) axioeeals view bards crown view hot isk milk molar and first true molar........
“
Dipsalidictis platypus, upper jaws, palatal view ........ “
“
‘i lower jaw, external view.......
hinb and Todthepes au te eee
Prolimnocyon, lower jaws..
“
atavus, part al 1egre| jaw re Ming AN Fs oe i oe “ ealeaneum, dorsal view. upper teeth, crown view. a as ~ lower jaw, outer view, eaalines of ps3 one Mo_3. robustus, lower jaw fragment, external view, with crown fon inner views of teeth.. ie antiquus, lower jaw, superior aad eal views.
“
“
Sinopa mordax, lower jaw, outer view and crown view of teeth. .
shoshoniensis, lower jaw, outer view and crown view of feet. Cae. strenua, front of skull and lower jaw.... bat We hee ‘ upper and lower dentition, crown views.... . hians, lower jaw, outer view, and crown view of teeth... “ reconstruction of skull and lower ee onntts “ parts of limb and foot bones. . pelvis of fragmentary seca multicuspis, upper jaw, outer view, bedi crown view ai feat * lower jaw, outer view, and crown view of teeth. .. ?vulpecula, upper teeth. . : lower jaw, cviernal view. cae 4 lower jaw, outer view, ole crown view oie pam). cf. secundaria, lower jaw fragment........
Pachyena, lower teeth of four species..........
“
HUChS, JOWeY JAW .o 35 0h.) ossifraga, skull, side view.... . & skull, palatal view. . be fOredoOt POMes es Gs i hind-foot bones.... .
PAaGn.
Xi Illustrations.
Pachyena gigantea, lower teeth . “ ponderosa, upper pbs im x K lower: teeth, po-mM:.....:... astragalus, puis view... poe, ee of structure (9 figs.).. é « (10 figs. ca
Grangerella megastoma n. sp., three views...... Eucalodium eophilum n. sp.. Helix veterna veternior n. ne seas views. Pleurodonte eohippina n. sp., three views............. Campeloma calamodontis n. sp., two views. . Unio grangert n. sp., dentition of right waives Ae
“ eomargaron n. sp., outline of shell and dentition of left ale. didymictidis n. sp., left valve... $4 sinope n. sp., dentition of left valve... ADNYOChaTAL ONGHMS AP. MOV. .\6..44 6 6 Doryrhampus sierrd. SP. YIOW. 2... es (tai mainacens ap. Wow. el sap Pyke dee. South American squirrels, 5 figs., to show relative size......
1? 4 “ “ 4 74 “ “ “ “
<3 “ “
“c
“
“ “ “ 3 “ “c “ o “
“ “ “ 4 “ “ “
Syntheosciurus brochus, three views of skull, natural size... Notosciurus rhoadsi, hind foot. . se rans Microsciurus and Sciurillus, map ae Histivsisicn’. Re Mesosciurus, map of Bistetnition i Hadrosciurus, Urosciurus and Rs bopmotiaet map of Aitsacon,
Notosciurus, Leptosciurus and Gienniceionas: map of distribution. .
H Laas speirtanus, upper jaw and lower premolar........ £ . lower jaw..
Hyopsodus simplex, upper and ews jaw Ppeerbinitis: eet upper pobihes ‘a
lower molars. .
lower teeth. . mentalis, upper sea ace jaws... ienmeliicnies upper Jaw, crown view ee upper errr ee i ; lower jaw.
number and position of mammze
miticulus, upper one been jaws, ene crown views an upper rae
Phenacodontide, outlines of upper cheek-teeth of the three genera
walcottianus, upper and ny er jaws. a ‘ hind foot, humerus, en sae Fisher a
“
“
“ “ lower {3 (<4 “ (<4 en. ean Pee sedges es upper teeth, crown views of five species. . “ “ (%4 {4 (<9 two “ lower “ (<4 “ “ five “ {4 (%4 (%4 (¢9 (<4 two “ : “external views of five species... . (<4 {9 “ {4 “ two (<9
“
intermedius, crowns and external views of unworn barter ary Sak,
Phenacodus (?) beach ymheneie: upper teeth, crown view.
-PaGE.
97
98
99 100 112 113 117 117 118 119 120 122 123 124 125 127 142 145 162 163 164 165 176 211 298 299 300 301 313 314
317
318 319 321 321 323 325 330 331 304 335 3936 ood 338 339 341 345
; Illustrations.
Ectocion, upper teeth, crown ‘views of three species...
“ lower “ “ “ four “
e Meas “external views, of four species.... Ectocion ralstonensis, lower jaw, external view. ..
Meniscotherium terrerubre, carpus and metacarpus. . «
f tapiacitis, lower jaw, crown view.
chamense, upper and lower teeth, crown views...........
Meniscotherium (?) priscum, fourth milk molar and fiat ae ieolar:
Schizaspis lobata, caudal structure and mouth parts... Aspidiotus coryphe, caudal structures of adult female....... Lepidosaphes iwxore, caudal structures and scales. . Arctostylops steini, outer view of lower teeth...
. “ inner view of lower teeth.... crown view of lower teeth...
Pelycodus ralstoni, upper jaw, external and crown views.. “ “
(9 “
trigonodus, upper jaw and outer and crown views of teeth “ 44 jarrovit, upper jaw, outer and crown views............ . “ lower jaw, inner and crown views. ........
5 : caleaneum, astragalus and entocuneiform. . upper teeth, crown view.. -,
tutus, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views.
Notharctus venticolus, maxilla, outer view and crown view of bomtk ; “ {5
“ <3
“
‘ : upper and lower molars...
< nunienus, lower jaw, outer view enue crown view ae dest
Omomys sp., lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views......... ’ “ upper jaw, outer and crown views. & vespertinus, lower jaw, outer view cae crown view mab en if 43 upper jaw, outer and crown views of teeth. . Hemiacodon gracilis, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views. .
inner, outer and crown views of lower jaw...............
oe ee ec ee 8
lower jaw and inner and crown views of teeth...
frugivorus, lower jaw fragments, outer and crown views... .
ee oe eo ew woe 8
lower jaw, outer view and crown view of teeth... .
oe ee eo we ee
Washakius insignis, lower jaw fragment, inner, outer and crown views. .
Shoshonius cooperi, lower jaw, and crown view of teeth. . Uintanius turriculorum, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views.
3 ‘3 upper jaw, outer and crown views... Anaptomorphus emulus, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views. . Tetonius homunculus, skull and lower jaw, side view.......
4 sf lower jaw, inner and crown views..
. ambiguus, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views.
“musculus, lower jaw, outer view, and crown view of ee ober eto e i lower jaw fragment, with crown views of teeth..........
Absarokius abbotti, lower jaw, inner and outer views.
. noctivagus, lower jaw, inner and outer views, ane crown view moe
teeth. . Pate a ey
é if upper jaw, cies ad crown views. Microsyops elegans, upper jaw, outer and crown views.........
* “ lower jaw, outer and crown views...
Xi
PAGE.
348 349 © 350) 303 355 308 360 360: 424 425 426 430 431 432 436 437 437 438 438 439 440 441 44] 442 443 443 444 445 449 449 450 450 452 453 455 456 456 A457 460 461 462 463 463 464.
464 464 468 469
XIV Illustrations.
PAGE. Microsyops elegans, fourth premolar and first and second molars.... 469 Cynodontomys, outlines of lower jaws, outer view of three inSiopilea 470 ‘ scottianus, upper jaw, outer and crown views. 472
+ 4 lower jaw, inner and otiter views aes crown view bat teeth . ; ee, 473 : latidens, upper jaw, cee and crown views. 474
3 “ lower jaw, inner and outer views aiid crown view a ,
teeth. . 2 474 * ?latedens, lower jaw, inner, saites. ona 2 crown views. A475 A angustidens, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views....... . . A476
a “ fourth premolar and first oe outer and crown views. i ; 477 Phenacolemur precox, lower jaw, inner, cibien date crown Views . 480 : “first and second molars. . - 481 i citatus, lower jaw, outer view side crown view val see 481 Nothodectes dubius, lower jaw, inner, outer and crown views........... 482 Bs ea coccinarum, parts of skeleton (5 figs.) .. le ee het nl 486-488 y dermal scutes (5 figs.) .. Ri eae Peer eee Phytosaurus buceros, skull. . 490 Episcoposaurus horridus, okt Senta. ’ 493 yo - proximal and diated pits ot cai 493 Erythrosuchus africanus, left caleaneum. . Snore son Se 494 Crocodilus niloticus, left foot, showing colkekacina: ph ta 497 ree er aonienis hia tail vertebra. . 497 * dermal scutes.. 498 q . ra: bones. (04 ois8.. 499 nena longicollis, vertebrae. . pak BL Aaa tet ek oor Se 4: right ‘lc ee Rn: ied satilinsnivene: Rey ee eee ress, OOS 7 ‘iy right oe eh hes 502 - +i or C. baueri, ie: Siesta’ Te 503 A bauert, cervical and dorsal caheine.. meabnd Stet oh 504 - “. gacrum. Sy we 504 x wimps is) jeabiine andl eee said - Gibac 505 ss willistoni, cervical and dorsal vertebre. . 505 53 4 sacrum. Ss 505 iy 4 caudal mealies o: 506 2 middle part of piliala seit left et edie 506 " "i distal extremity of metatarsal.... . 506 % Sp... head-of tight pubign.iee2. i... 506 Certocleptis xenura, tail from below, nat. size... 5138 Heterandria versicolor..... .... 604
* CO rT a a ete
604
List of New Names. XV
LIST OF GENERA, SUBGENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES DESCRIBED OR RENAMED IN THIS VOLUME.
GENERA AND SUBGENERA.
TE Bry piacodons NEA CEG os ie tak ee ay ad AE et reel Sie ete ag a vi Da pst Qyclis INU STORE ote sis like sid SEN Gm ae RD oT te ened ce 63 Prolimnpcian: Natta son oc Soke each ea Ree ol oe ary 67 Grongercliga’ GOemevely 20% ote eel 4 ates ie Rape ea peters ya anie tee a iinet Aus ee Leploseyievey AUG G8 <b ore ae aes oe GR ee ce ee ee ED DLP SOSCI URE PAIS roe oT rete ie 2a NE alpha Riek aa atin cio od Pir teeth a ei tire eal gh aac nae aca ra dastripseiarius Pavete a koe ace se ci ER a neta Ate ey ce TL GAIGREVUT TS PLC Bie gees Be Ee A eM Te aa en ak eae 265 Lo aise yt PACT ls SEG. ira oily Sh ammo th es he ean ae ae ae al SEO RCH TUS PIN i Os RES SS ii Satoh ee emia cee oO Lee Mg ce Hanlon Mee. is sista Sock Seine agae a cca aks deed ae eh ae he ee cea Ly Rilicisois Cockerill aed Rohinaea Cece An as Sem Wa eAy Mme ee hw 2's Platylecanium Cockerell and Raa ee ee 427 Arciostylops MOtANeW ois ce Si cate «sete RR a OA genre ota span Uantontiis INV ate a te By a I a ee ee) V Ginniake aR ak hs ee De EN eA, ate en ce Absiarolcitis’ WEAGEDOW oo ioc ak has Cr a eal aie PY cia coleaih WEAE TOW cocks uh Ll bind Da RE Mode Bip n= ges a Ree
ERE ip ert Pete Per ae ECU er (ran ae dN ORM IE OTE ac ase nN Pa eae AC NS euenl aay AAG) a) WOME: x 482
Ceriadlenies CUS Gash ae cr an 54 se ee ee ee peas Been a Dirigo: WIA. 6 ee cc a ue AS a a a Sista ais awe act ad ig Urensalis: WIMET Se NS eek oa eg et ea ap ea ce ee a 516 Charyeerpes WAMet oo see sei nee ns I ee ee ee ear aa ah Sy a Ee Oo 6 ce On iy ae Me eRe NCA Taree ier a ne (oriininias. (eae sce Sd Led NA 576
SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.
Chriacus galling Matthew. .c. fee) oc. phew twee 28 aa eee 6 Thryptacodon antiquus Matthew... .... 2. 605.22 vet ce Ab ee es 8 cs olsent WIARUNENT ooo kp, Bee ees Se cn ah ame ate 9 Anacodon culinidiens’ NiattMew 25.66 cece hg Se ge RS ees 16 Didymictis protenus sttioe Tania Ve es Imm nee a ih aie 21 V werravus acuiiie. Matthew. eee ih eet a gees 27 politus Matthew. . Ee FOR Te ete A go De aM een atte ONT Ree 28 Uintacyon massetericus rudis MR eee ee 31 Miacis exiguaam- Male fo Si ecleans rales see ple Aer ad ak eG 30 . HR OS PAN TMRE a CeCe 5. a tenet Nae Lie Renta Ar 34 Vulpovus qupivalis WipAtMOw Sei hes hak ee ci en ea eee apn hte 39
XVl List of New. Names.
PAGE.
CPA CUaene NARTUNOW Ph Torok Sera ore ee ene/ual drew xa Lledo Wad ee 47 . aera Tee 1 ie Mok N etn 4 4 he hab bere eke Bowe by weap" 47
M4 Biko AR RINN Neer ase Ct MCU eT hea He EN «We LA ee See eS oo 3 53
4 PLE AVM WOME I, innit we Bathe Ae Gh ss ing 4 laa ae oe ee fe de bes 55 A OCLOM US DIESOUR ALR LAE eRe oc a oo is hy go ose bles tle se Boles de oe” 60 HS ta fie 50s A Pa ee a a 61
LO SACI Hg te, CAINS Pg csi ud cee Fa G8 oe Pe GR Ya ge dp delay oe ad’ 65 F LOM IASOCUON WR NI RIRO eA Oc eb ence Batol Se ea doled Rhee Pee wes 68 . Foe BBS TS SD a ae a a an Ae a a 70
: Cie ate Ves tee, Fad VM yd Du ee eet 70 aro filin a aMeOs aN cme smi ON at 2 tt Whe We hs vce eR Ue Wialee Gee ee ae 73 J SORE CE RMA UNECE 5 «Gok Sin toy alee pe TP aig! Ca el oes AE CH Sees ae ae 73 “ —_ vulpecula Matthew.. Use nh tates ORUMERRICEE es iets A Lobes ease hes &, ~ 80 Dissacus navajovius longevus AViathew. Wily. a er ae, Men oF Di i oa 86 vf OE I MON We! 6555, c ss Sone Cot d cove Bike Queen pa 6 fede hg viene ¢ 87 Pachyena graciilis Matthew. . OE ee eee eA hls Sa NRE ED ale a aM ed al eng 89 e gigantea ponderosa Winton. AM cesta ame tity coy Renal Uterus hin Lanes ws 98 Eriococcus costaricensis Cockerell and Bause. LSt a thon Seanad eae MOCIS 5h 105 Fonscolombia braggi Cockerell and Robinson............................ 106 Chrysomphalus pedroniformis Cockerell and Pidiaaen) Dae weet ores BOT Prrimia phantasma Cockerell and Robitigon... .... 2... 066. .5.-50.5-..... 108 Pseudaomaa obsia Cockerell and: Robingon..... .. 02 0. lec. wk cece ee ws 109 Pinnaspis stphonodontis Cockerell and Robinson......................... 110 Neolecanium cribrigerum Cockerell and Robinson........................ 110 GC reruperello, Mneguslonia _OCROTEIF.. fa. jee te eve -wh delew aw ee na ds dl we oltblee bes 116 eons PuaDnUwry RnmeOtet Mae 8 Cte Oe Da Suga b-ck ck va ed vakenec » 0117 Ue Miler I Pere InOr, SOC RONG oat NISe Mave, Ces a wp op bcy eed vs... 117 PIU OMONIle COpa ers Me OCKEPE MN) 4 BUF Anas cc 5u, Moy elelo cre wae de SeleS ny asees 119 Canipetoni, COlanonentis. LOCMePON ie ees a a es vec ae 120 Ce OMG OCE AG anole. Nee Poe eae we BO ee Aa YS UR Ise s. 122 COMPU teg ee ei oteNue ee! Cite uate hoe ents oy Te Ss * 19g HOSTS TG OPEN Bee GH (6) 50 Sn ae a Le en 124 Cao ee Or ee Renna daha ia Oar ame amrrebat s Coord oe Mice ee hy eis cys 125 ON ORO GHone wnOnMG Aalst et ten gel nd Meares cores pene a 2 gory LVR ORVORUS LEter Pa aN ONS WR Lala? Yh. late tee tore ee OR 142 COGS AGT Si nents fe NIOMONRH Eee WL ya AS I yt ry Vere ea DD Chines. bo ee een 145 CUerlingierus Weide Wenmusius AMOR, i)... il orcs osc tl dd cea ca uebe ec. ly 260 Miesastiuris Gerrard: Waugetaia AWer:.. .lior > eict ff) deen sce else ecu. 308 i = ROMA CMGE Maes On Oe RE ewe Se, Cale ious Bag ee Ses. BOO Hyopsodus menialis tysitensis Watthew... i .....00. 0%. os sc dea ce ee eek ne 320 . Ve GOOLE IWAN GEO LS 8, ORY sf as ne ov sathc tw aca)) B22 Phenacodus primevus.rebustus Granger...) 6.6) ec 3 eS 340 : Pee Ce Oee. U5 ks ese eh, ten eve ot. 840 CO een Sem Se ty Loh apaynint sts Goya aL aVOee aa rece. | B44 EC ecion edmoraies “mammeryy fy 3h 8 NS a ch Sit eo. BRD " ralstonensis ae BUT cA ty aan eee se Oa eee eo.’ SBS parvus Granger. . a Oe th Pet BBS Meniscotherium (?) priscum beans rte eee pee ee ot ba) Cane aL 360 Odontophorus guianensis panamensis Chavian.. tn ae mee ot | (BBS
“
(3
“
“
List of New Names. XVil
tes PAGE. Alynchoriya cuicys queirgigs Chapian. iv.) oe ee 365
Columba subvinaces. peninsulanis Chapman... 6. 206 a es Chemepela ruppennie cauee Conpovan, 4 ae Leptotiia -rujaaila ficimogr: Cuapian re ee ee ae ee paldivenuc Chemiman oo ee ee 369
A sto flammens Gogolense Cha pia. oo Cerchnets sparverius:prime namindh:. 6) a 370 . Jernemdenes (haomian oe ee Dirrhura meonure pacines © Wepman. 4 ooo ee Psiltacuia: conspuciliaia eauce Chanman:. <<. .oi5 ce RS Curucugus: masseng: aistraics Chapman.) ee ee Andigena nagrostris ocemenians Chapinan 6.0: (os. 3 ee es Ghloronerpes rubiginosus buencmisig Chapman. ......0.. 0 eS RB Allapetes guituralis brammestens Chapman... 2)... a Be Stigmatomma pallipes arizonense Wheeler. . es Go re Cie gee hee cast) eae . Don) OPeGoMense: AV Uncen i ne ee oe gt ee Procerateum silaceum rugulosum Whee eA enews ent Se rh mC eee Ee E Eciatomma-(Poreciatomma): haromant Wheeler. 0.) a 86 Odonlomachishematods coninodis Wheeler 0 oa ee = . CEREVLOP HG WOOL i a oe fd os ee Eevon (A camatis) teonords Wheeler oO ee ee ee ee Solenopsis pica. var. Mmoerens Whoelen. so 2 as ee as ce se PASCO WN OOM i ers gee tee ei RR el ld eee ae
= aurea ainblgcnila WRB ON eg ee ee GCMANGUS: TAONIOSE, VV HORIOE OO ee a igen eh tee oe es Pheidole: MUCH: WUE hy ee ae al i spadonia ig pa llges Gn 6 aie PTO le a hey AR Uses Seu aaa eee
; DITGO IW Weel FA Be Pe A ee Pa ee a tepicana cavigenis Wieden. LUM Lia One Se Tena a oe eect eee kingt torpescens Wheeler. . BLU aig PAL ee ime he ie xerophila pacifica helen. a Sy he es ae eee vinelandica longula var. eaplinies Wheto 8 kei CeNe Gee e: “ perebrosior WV Wee ler ii eas Os as ee ee CalTorning var. incongia® Wheeler (ooo is oe ee. es OE * i Dios RIE DEIN © Oe ee eae A oda ae es et ag 4 ROVAGEIRIE. NYCRR i) cs cen sik Date spe de ea ee
“ : ICU NA WOCIER i fe ee, ek yey oe ho ee
. HYCO BOlNGHOE AV WOOT oa Oe ee ele ot es ge ae
. CTOBSIGOTTAS DAL BOUG NN RRION oS ales Soke ob ok ede Dae oe ee Stenamma. brevicorne heatht uae 410 Messor chamberlint Wheeler.. ne ie ee Cree or anes | Aphenogaster subterranea solide Wailer. SRO Gogh A ae Ee Me ate WA ane ae SM a % . borealis Mee ks 412
“ jevane var. Furpeacens WOO! 604.02 ea a eee ee
3 ‘ t paponmenne Wheelet chile a ee faa ea es Leptothorax eldoradensis Wheeler. . ee Sor eee tne ie paw tbe ae . (M ychothorax) hiriuornie oneness Wheeet. See RE ee Dacre 0 Xiphomyrmex spinosus hispidus ise ee ee 415 és i Cea: Wi ORE oe ee Bee ee eee Se
“
xviii List of New Names.
Dolichoderus (Iypoclinea) taschenbergi var. aterrimus Wheeler............ .
Bothriomyrmex dimmocki Wheeler. . Polyergus lucidus montivagus Wheeler...
i rufescens breviceps var. esinabia Wheeler.
Ks vg leviceps Wheeler. .
Camponotus acutirostris var. saucsler Wheeler.
e yogt Wheeler.. “ Schizaspis lobata Cockerell ani an ote a
Aspidiotus coryphe Cockerell and Robinson...............
Lepidosaphes ixorcee Cockerell and Robinson............ 0.0.00 ccescceeees Avciosiylepe sie, Wiatthew and Granger as 6 res. obs ne oe os ee cae oe He © COGS NTs Oe pe AIM gs pe sh Cosas hos AF le Go Re 8 Vino WG 44S we 0H Be eee s
S trigonodus Matthew........ 2?Omomys vespertinus Matthew.....
EGS TEE CULOT a = AUR ck nce ok bod es oo pee bo ele Beles 3s wc pa cow we wlan
Tetonius ambiguus Matthew.............. “
citatus Matthew.........
pete en) ee Ga, Sec SA GA ce) <b dn Wea Sow Oh ow ek as be ee Dees » Chetura melanopygue Chapin... ce... oe. ek
Apaloderma minus Chapin....... Certocleptes xenurus Chapin..
Mazama trinitatis Allen. . {4
“ “
FT ROLEHO. BIGIULUS NE IIT DOAIS. ONE os fob ak obs ou a Ye ewleerau esas &
“
e PHC MN OIN. hot eres 12 Fad Ati ee
¢ zamora Allen. . Side Mota an aie tet Asal SGT eta a ehebcd nes
. OS TEWES 0" BAAS: Sb aan San Neh OS ona Ae ea
oe CU SCORE TAPE IANO 50255 uy hts Poe ak Pe ne a aslo 5 Scaphanotus elevatus var. floridanus Leng....... Clas Miper Var tauren. LOH. GAs. oe kk) es calves sh-me Oa bs vo POleRep nO Tue Cn avoroser TERR oe 8 si os SoS eies 44 od eeias oa oc Seva 4eRe wees
Heterandria zonata Leng. .
Dasyprocta fuliginosa ei dslonine Misa: “
“ “
Proechimys kermiti Allen. .
Oryzomys murelice Allen. . Procyon (Euprocyon) Palais Agia Margay tigrina elene Allen..
: caucensis Allen. . een Oncoides pardalis hananeae ee Eptesicus chapmani Allen.. : Dasyprocta variegata urucuma paiien Crypturus soui caquete Chapman.........
WRUUGCULUS WN UPIGAOW 5 3 sv S044 Fao ewe a we Cynodonitomys angustidens Matthew........... 0... ccc ce ce eees eC) CUTS TIN ECOT HED UE OW (lay. 5s a alge ead dh cleo ae sole oe
americana renee Meee wane quruana LS oie RO AY ee Se Ree ae Bre ed art) ek ee SS aa. ig ue gaa aia dw wie
variegata zamore Allen... 68.00 ees enocoensis Allen’... .5 se ec,
PAGE.
417 417 419 419 420 420 420 423 425 425 429 436 436 450 456 462 463 477 479 481 482 509 510 512 532 536 537 545 545 546 547 550 564 587
Errata.
XIX Paae. Crypturus kerrie Chapman. . at 636 Tachytriorchis albicaudatus exiguus (Chapman: - soy Gare ies aad es 637 Herpetotheres cachimnans fulvescens (chapman. 0s. 25 22%. ac ws 638 Aulocorhynchus albivitta griseigularis Chapman..............0.0.0: 639 Picumnus granadensis antioquensis Chapman...............6. 640 Conopophaga castaneiceps chocoensis Chapman.......... 641 Microbates cinerewentris magdalene Chapman... Rei era str ve nee ge 0's Aiphorhynchus lachrymosus olorany Ohapinaiy eo oe a Stptornis flammulata quindiana Chapman...................- 643 Automolus nigricauda saturatus Chapman........ 644 Manacus vitellinus millert Chapman......... 645 Phyllomyias griseiceps cauce Chapman. . 645 Habrura pectoralis bogotensis Chapman. . ; 646 Microcerculus squamulatus antioquensis Chapman, yencae 647 Polioptila liwida dague Chapman. . 648 Sporophila aurita muralle se ‘ 649 Catamenia analoides schistaceifrons Chanmate eas 649 Phrygilus unicolor: Brandys ANOBII oe ee eo ks See eae oe? OU Cyanerpes cyaneus pacificus Chapman........ 655 Tridosornis dabuse (nice pie ACOA PUAN 2 cy ee eA ed ce ee GDB . dubusia ceruleoventris Chapman...........+. 657 Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapman........... 657 Ambtycercus holosericeus flavirosivis Chapman ...0 6. os i er ek we 659 Molothrus bonariensis cequatorialis Chapman.......... 661 ERRATA. ae 209, line 14, for T. Steinbach read J. Steinbach. 217, "24, for 87 read 96: “ 254, “ 9 from bottom, for gewrlingugus read guerlingus. “ 290, Figs. 7, 8, for satwensis read saltuensis. « 294, last line, for Simosciurus flammifer read Hadrosciurus flammifer. “ 541, line 12, for tamama read temama. 4 Bag eT AF Goals: read call, “« 545, “ 1, for Gallers read Gallera. « 549, “ 7, for (just breaking through the alveolus) read (m? just breaking
through the alveolus).
« 553, lines 5 and 6, for from original specimens, respectively from the two ‘Tunkas, etc., read from the two original specimens, respectively from Tunkas,
etc. “ 591, line 6, for Chenius read Chienius.
“ 610, line 3 from bottom, for succumbed read survived.
eee Oe we ee te ee
BY Ta aN
OF THE
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NaTuRAL History.
VOLUME XK KLV 4046)
56.9.743 (1181:78.7)
Article I— A REVISION OF THE LOWER EOCENE WASATCH AND WIND RIVER FAUNAS.
By W. D. MatrHew and Wa.LterR GRANGER.
Introduction.
In 1891 the Department of Mammalian Paleontology of this Museum was founded by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn. The first expedition for fossil mammals was sent out in charge of Dr. J. L. Wortman to the Lower Eocene Wasatch formation of the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. The results of this auspicious beginning of the Museum’s fossil-hunting expeditions were described in the ‘Bulletin’ for 1892, volume IV. Another very suc- cessful expedition was conducted by Dr. Wortman the next year into the Paleocene (Puerco) of New Mexico. In 1895 the Museum purchased the Cope Collection of North American Fossil Mammals, including the Eocene and Paleocene collections obtained by Professor Cope and his assistants and described and figured in ‘Tertiary Vertebrata.’ Expeditions in charge of Dr. Wortman in 1893-96 added largely to the Eocene collections thus brought together. In 1903 Mr. Walter Granger began a systematic and thorough search of the Middle and Lower Eocene and Paleocene formations of Wyoming and New Mexico which has continued for ten years with great suCCESS.
The thorough stratigraphic studies made by these expeditions and exact records of level and locality of every specimen, have made it possible to correlate the faunas and trace the evolution of the various races much more precisely and certainly. The great amount of new material, and more complete specimens of rare and little known species have as yet been de-
scribed only in small part. The present revision is concerned with the Lower Eocene faunee, the
fe Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Wasatch and Wind River and their equivalents. Preliminary notes on the stratigraphy and correlation have been published by Sinclair and Granger, and the Artiodactyls have been revised in a recent paper by Dr. Sinclair in this ‘Bulletin.’ The systematic revision of the Amblypoda, Condylarthra, Perissodactyla, Tillodontia and Tzeniodonta has been under- taken by Mr. Granger, of the Carnivora, Insectivora, Primates, Rodents, ete.. by Dr. Matthew. Dr. W. K. Gregory will contribute a series of studies of the morphology and general relationships of some of the more important groups.
Through the courtesy of the United States National Museum, we have been accorded the exceptional privilege of borrowing for study and com- parison the type specimens of fossil mammals from the New Mexican _ Wasatch described by Cope in 1874-77. The rest of the types from the Lower Eocene formations are in this museum, except for a number in the Amherst Museum and in the Marsh Collection at Yale University. Through the courtesy of Dr. Loomis, Dr. Schuchert and Dr. Lull we have been en- abled to examine and study these types also. The Museum is largely indebted to Dr. W. J. Sinclair of Princeton University for valuable services in the field, both in stratigraphic work and collecting, as well as for the pub- lished contributions above noted. The success of Mr. Granger’s expeditions is in no small part due to the codperation of his able and energetic assistants now or formerly on the Museum staff, Messrs. George Olsen, William Stein, Paul Miller, C. Forster Cooper and P. L. Turner, who have been attached to one or more of the parties in the Lower Eocene formations. Following is a summary of the earlier and later explorations in these horizons:
(1) Typical Wasatch, near Evanston, Wyoming. Fossils first found in 1871 by Wm. Cleburne. These and some other specimens obtained in 1872-73 by Professor Cope are in the American Museum collection. A number of specimens were secured subsequently by Professor Marsh and are now in the Yale Museum. Systematically explored by Granger in 1906,' and a small collection secured. The exposures are limited and fossils scarce.
(2) New Mexican Wasatch. San Juan Basin, in Rio Arribas Co. Ex- plored by Cope for the Wheeler Survey in 1874 and an important collection made which is now in the U. S. National Museum. A few specimens _ collected for Professor Marsh about 1875-76 are in the Yale Museum. Dr. Wortman conducted a party in these beds in 1896 for the American Museum, but only a few specimens of any value were obtained. Systematically ex- plored by Granger in 1912 and 1913 with considerable success.
1 The stratigraphy was revised by Veatch in 1904 for the U. 8. Geological Survey.
—"
-
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 3
(3) Black Buttes (margin of the Washakie Basin) Wyoming. A few - fragmentary Wasatch fossils obtained in this vicinity by Cope in 1872 and by Marsh a few years later. No subsequent collecting.
(4) Wind River Basin, Wyoming. A valuable collection obtained by Wortman for Cope in 1880, including the famous Hyracotheriwm venticolum skeleton. Wortman obtained a number of specimens for the American Museum in 1891 and again in 1896. In 1904 Dr. Loomis led a successful expedition for Amherst College, and in 1905 and 1909 the formation was systematically searched by Granger for the American Museum and large although mostly fragmentary collections obtained. Wortman’s collections were made in the upper levels of the formation, Loomis’s in the lower horizon; Granger’s material is from all the fossiliferous horizons.
(5) Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. This is by far the richest region for Wasatch fossils, the beds being extensively exposed and fossils often fairly common, although rarely complete or perfectly preserved. It was dis- covered by Dr. Wortman in 1881 and a large collection obtained for Pro-.. fessor Cope including the famous skeletons of Phenacodus. In 1884 a. party from Princeton University obtained a small collection. In 1891 and 1896 Wortman again explored it in the interests of the American Museum. obtaining many valuable specimens. In 1904 Loomis obtained a consider-. able collection for Amherst Museum. In 1910, 1911 and 1912 Granger searched the formation systematically with great success, his collections. exceeding in amount and value all those previously obtained. In 1913. Mr. Stein completed the exploration of the basin under Granger’s direction.
6. Clark Fork Basin. <A small basin adjoining the Big Horn to the northwest, but draining independently into the Yellowstone River, and apparently semi-distinct in its Lower Eocene deposition. It was visited by Wortman in 1896, but the first fossils of any importance were obtained by Granger in 1911-12 and by Stein in 1913. The earliest Wasatch and sub- Wasatch beds are best represented in this basin, containing many new and primitive species herein described. |
Most of the above collections are in the American Museum; the re- mainder in the National, Yale, Amherst and Princeton museums. I do not know of any other Lower Eocene fossil mammals in this country, save for a few specimens from the Uinta Basin in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. A number of field parties of the U. 5. Geological Survey have made important contributions to our knowledge of the stratigraphy of these Lower Eocene formations, but none so far as I am aware have obtained any considerable collections of their fossil vertebrates.
From the lower Eocene (Suessonian) formations of England, France and Belgium a small mammalian fauna has been obtained. It is closely allied
4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
to the Wasatch faune and most if not all of its genera are represented by more perfect material of related, possibly identical, species in this country.
The lower Eocene mammals of the rest of the world are totally unknown.!
This series of contributions deals therefore with practically all that is known to science of the Lower Eocene mammalia. The authors, while in entire accord as to their conclusions, are separately responsible for the sections of the revision appearing under their individual names, and it is requested that they be so quoted.
PART I— ORDER FER (CARNIVORA). SUBORDER CREO- DONTA.
By W. D. MatTruew.
The Creodonta of the Eocene form a relatively compact order, whose affinities are well understood, owing chiefly to the more or less complete knowledge of the skeleton of the principal genera. The affinities and classification of the several families were discussed at some length by the writer, in the memoir on the Bridger Carnivora and Insectivora2 The new material from the Lower Eocene confirms in detail the views there set forth, and illustrates very clearly the progressive stages in the differentiation of the several groups during the successive horizons of the Lower Eocene. The more complete material now at hand clears up the affinities of several doubtful groups, notably of the Oxycleenidze, some of which at least appear to be nearly related to the Arctocyonidz. These two families should proba- bly be united, but a further study of the Paleocene Creodonta with the new and more complete material now at hand is desirable before this change is made.
Only one Paleocene Creodont has been known hitherto to survive into the Wasatch formations. To this genus, Didymictis, we are now able to add two others, Dissacus and Chriacus, while the new genns Thryptacodon is distinctly a Paleocene type. No trace of any Pseudocreodine genus is found in the Paleocene except in the transitional Clark For: beds, but the Kucreodi and Acreodi of the older Torrejon and Puerco faunas are more nearly related to those of the later horizons than had previously appeared.
1 The Notostylops fauna of Patagonia I regard as late Eocene if it is a faunal unit at all. 2 Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, Middle Eocene. By W. D. Matthew. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. LX, part vi, August, 1909.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 5 |
Key to the families of Creodonta.
A. Procreodi. Ungual phalanges fissured or unfissured, but not flattened.
A ING CATR eSUS og ee os ewe Arctocyonide, Oxyclenide. B. Eucreodi. Ungual phalanges not fissured.
2. Jameesial teeth bp aad ay oo ee co Pe Se, eae ee ee Miacide. C. Pseudocreodi. Ungual phalanges fissured.
a: Carnassial teeph mi ai Me ea is eat ee Oxyenide.
Ae. (Carne eeig) Tee We ON Wiehe ois ar wes eke ss cae Hyenodontide. D. Acreodi. Ungual phalanges fissured and flattened.
5. ING+ CBIR Sea cc er een ee re ee Mesonychide and T'riisodontide.
e
OXYCLANID Scott 1892.1 Chriacus Cope 1883.”
Type, C’. pelvidens (Cope 1881 *) from Torrejon of New Mexico.
This genus is common in the Torrejon but not hitherto discovered in the Wasatch. As with most of the Paleocene mammals its systematic status has been doubtful. Cope and Scott referred it to the Creodonta; Osborn and Karle in 18954 tentatively referred it to the Primates, to which Scott had suggested that it was probably related. Matthew in 1897 and subse- quently, referred it to the Creodonta more or less provisionally as a member of the primitive family Oxyclende. Wortman in 19025 suggested that this family might prove to be of Insectivore affinities “with numerous transitional or Metatherian characters.’ The specimen described below affords some important evidence as to the affinity of this genus. The construction of the manus is completely in accord with the less specialized Creodonts, as are also the parts preserved of the hind foot. While not wholly conclusive, the evidence is decidedly in favor of the Creodont affini- ties of Chriacus.
A subfamily distinction from the Arctocyonine is perhaps afforded by the reduced and non-opposable pollex in this genus. The hallux is unre- duced, and compares with Miacine and Arctocyonide.
The characters of the manus exclude Chriacus from the Primates to which it was tentatively referred by Osborn and Earle, and make it very improbable that it has any Insectivore affinities.
1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XLIIT, p. 294.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. XXXIV, p. 80.
3 Lipodectes pelvidens Cope 1881, Amer. Nat., Vol. XV: p: L019. 4 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, p. 20.
5 Am. Jour. Sci., Vol. XIII, p. 434, footnote.
6 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. XXXIV,
Chriacus galline sp. nov.
Mi, ) pee a BPE
No. 16223 Ae ek 7
Fig.1. Chriacus galling, upper and lower teeth of type specimen, natural size, crown and outer views of mi-2, p?-m2, and inner and outer views of upper canine. Almagre beds, Wa- satch formation of San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
Fig.2. Chriacus galline, parts of limb bones and fore foot, natural size: 1, distal ends of tibia and fibula; 2, radius and ulna, a, head of radius, b, distal end of radius; 3, dorsal view of carpus and metacarpus, lacking cuneiform and ends of three metacarpals: 4, phalanges, dor- sal and lateral views. All from the type specimen.
Type, No. 16223, upper and lower teeth, fore feet and various skeleton fragments, from the lower division of the New Mexican Wasatch.
Specific distinctions: Size of C. pelvidens; paraconid of lower molars stronger, more internal in position; external cingulum of upper molars weak; p* without deuterocone and protocone of more trihedral form.
Diagnosis -of skeleton parts. The head of the radius is round oval, not flattened; the bicipital tubercle elongate, not promi- nent; the distal end of radius trihedral, styloid process weak. The olecranon is short, expanded laterally, not deep; sigmoid cavity rather shallow. Scaphoid, lunar and centrale separate, the scaphoid shallow, centrale larger than in Oxyzenide other- wise similar, trapezoid wider and deeper than in Oxyzenide and Miacidex, trapezium smaller and more quadrate, lacking the inferior peg characteristic of the Arcto- cyonidz and present to a less extent in the other families. The magnum is high and narrow, its proximal keel compressed and obliquely set in relation to the body. The unciform is of moderate height with a rather narrow subproximal lunar facet.
The metacarpals are five in number, the
) fifth having the most robust shaft, me.I the
most slender; ‘me.II is considerably longer than me.V, the shaft somewhat slenderer; the shafts of me.III and IV are smaller, that of me.I much smaller, but their lengths are not preserved.
The phalanges are very like those of
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 7
Vulpavus except that the unguals are longer, not quite so high and compressed, the sub-ungual processes heavier.
The entocuneiform is as broad as in Vulpavus but lacks the characteristic asym- metry of that genus; it is broader than in Didymictis and decidedly broader than in Oxyeenidee.
The middle caudals are long and heavy.
Thryptacodon gen. nov.
Type, T. antiquus, infra.
Generic characters: Upper molars low-crowned, quadrate-oval or rounded, cusps round conic, hypocone prominent on m!~, enamel rugose, m3 somewhat reduced, round oval; p* trihedral with small deuterocone, distinct para-~ and metastyles. Lower molars broad with very small submedian paraconid and four sub-equal opposite principal cusps. Heavy external cingula on lower molars; heavy encircling cingula on upper molars. Anterior premolars slender; canines long, compressed and ridged posteriorly. Skull short with comparatively large brain-case, skeleton relatively large, resembling that of Miacine. |
This genus is not rare in the lower horizons of ;the Big Horn Wasatch, but has not been found in the Lysite or Lost Cabin. It appears to be re- lated to Tricentes and Chriacus, but has more rounded teeth than the for- mer, m more reduced; differs from Chriacus in the lower cusps, broad
“rounded teeth, rugose enamel and heavy cingula. It approaches the Arctocyonidse more nearly than do any other Oxy cleenids, but is less Spe Fig. 3. Thryptacodon olsen, upper teeth, cialized and the skull and skeleton are crown and external views, natural size.
. No. 16163, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, more progressive. The very marked Wyoming. detailed resemblance to Clenodon in the construction of the molar teeth can hardly be interpreted otherwise than as proof of close affinity, and makes the propriety of separating Oxycleenidee and Arctocyonide as distinct families very questionable. There is a notable difference indeed in the form and proportions of the skull and in the pro- portions of the skeleton. But it is not as wide as between Didymictis and Palearctonyx in the Miacidee.
In size and general proportions of the teeth these two species are not un- like Paleosinopa. The detail construction of the molars easily distinguishes the two genera. In Paleosinopa the cusps are decidedly higher, more angulate, the paraconid more prominent, placed nearer to the inner border,
No. /6/63 A. 14.
8 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
trigonid distinct from talonid, heel of mg longer with high hypoconulid and entoconid. There are no cingula on the molars and the posterior mental foramen is beneath m;. The upper molars show corresponding differences, being in Palgwosinopa triangular in outline, with high sharp protocone, hypocone represented only by a cingular flange, paracone and metacone smaller, sharper, somewhat inset from the border, and with small stylar crests at the anterior and posterior angles. The deuterocones of the pre- molars are also better developed, and the last molar is transverse.
In all these characters of the teeth Palwosinopa comes decidedly nearer to the Miacide than does Thryptacodon. But the skeleton of the new genus is that of a Creodont, related to the Miacide and Arctocyonidee, whereas the skeleton of Paleosinopa is widely different from the Creodont type, and agrees nearly with that of the Insectivore Pantolestes. The distinctions in the teeth are therefore not to be regarded as of ordinal value.
Two species or subspecies are represented in the collection, distinguished as follows:
T. antiquus: m'*=17.5 mm.; upper molars round-quadrate, no hypocone on m’, no protostyles.
T. olsent: m'*=21 mm., upper molars quadrate, distinct hypocone on all, protostyle on m!~?, deuterocone of p‘ larger.
Thryptacodon antiquus sp. nov.
Type, No. 16162, upper and lower jaws and parts of radius and ulna, from the Systemodon zone in Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: Upper molars round-oval, with low rounded cusps, heavily cingulate, enamel rugose, distinct hypocone on m!~, none on m’, conules distinct but small. P%~ trihedral, three-rooted, strong deuterocone on p‘, none on p®. Lower molars broad, low cusped, with heavy external cingula, paraconid much reduced, submedian, eee and metaconid equal and opposite, heel wide-basined, with hy® and en‘ strong, wider apart on mi_»2 than the trigonid cusps, hypoconulid rudi- mentary except on m3, in which it is moderately large median-internal. Heel of m; and m* reduced in size. Posterior lower premolars short and robust with small heels and anterior basal cusps and heavy cingula. P» two- rooted, slender, p: one- rooted. Canines moderately large, slender, ridged posteriorly.
Thirteen specimens from the Sand Coulée and Gray Bull horizons in the Big Horn and Clark Fork basins represent this species, all agreeing quite closely in size and characters. Two jaw fragments with m3 from the Clark Fork beds probably represent a distinct species or subspecies, dis- tinguished by broader teeth and a distinct protostyle on me, but the material seems inadequate for a specific type.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 9
These teeth are very suggestive of Tricentes, but the molars are more rounded in outline, mg more reduced, and the size is greater. In many features they also suggest Clenodon and Palwarctonyx, but the cusps al- though low, are not flattened out as in those genera, the proportions of the
Wa 16/62 No 16/62
3A . Pe : aie
Fig. 5.
Fig. 4. Thryptacodon antiquus, upper teeth outer and crown views of p*-m’ and outer view of upper canine, natural size. Type specimen, Gray Bull beds, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Fig. 5. Thryptacodon antiquus, lower jaw, outer view, and crown view, “of lower pete: natural size. Type specimen, Gray Bull beds, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Fig. 6. Thryptacodon antiquus, type specimen, distal end of humerus and proximal end of radius, natural size. Gray Bull beds, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
molars are different. But there is probably a near affinity between the less specialized Arctocyonide, the Cercoleptoid Miacide and the Oxycle- nidee, although part of the resemblance is due to parallelism.
Thryptacodon olseni sp. nov.
Type, No. 15252, askull and large part of the skeleton, found by Mr. George Olsen a few miles east of Saint Joe in the Gray Bull horizon of the Wasatch.
The specimen is poorly preserved, and more or less encrusted with a flinty matrix. It consists, besides the skull, of eighteen vertebrae, most of the limb bones and an incomplete fore foot. A second specimen No. 16163, upper jaws with well preserved teeth, is referred to this species but has more rounded teeth, approaching P. antiquus in this respect.
10 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Skull. Owing to the poor preservation no sutures can be safely dis- tinguished. The general proportions of the skull are much as in Vulpavus. The frontal region appears to be wider than in that genus, the front of muzzle broader. The sagittal crest is of moderate height, the occiput appears to be broad and low, and the brain-case is fairly capacious, comparing with Vassacyon, smaller relatively than in Vulpavus but much larger than in
Ss & REN SEG. si A.M. (a 1
Fig. 7. Thryptacodon olsent, skull, top and side views natural size, and crown view of upper teeth, four-thirds nature. Type specimen, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Arctocyon and materially larger than in Didymictis. The basicranial region appears to be shorter than in Didymictis and Vulpavus; the bulla is absent as usual, the auditory prominence large and prominent (? owing to crushing).
In other respects it accords with Vassacyon so far as comparisons can be made.
1915.]: M aithew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. ge
Dentition. The anterior teeth cannot be determined with certainty. There is a pair of large, stout, oval canines, apparently little curved, and in front of them are at least two unusually large incisive alveoli. The first two premolars are indeterminate, the third is of moderate size without inner cusp but triangular in outline. The fourth premolar has a triangular protocone, strong, well separated deuterocone, external, internal and posterior cingula. The true molars are of subquadrate outline, one-fourth greater in transverse than in antero- posterior diameter, with low rounded conic cusps of equal height and an encircling cin- gulum. The second molar is a little larger than the first, the third much smaller. Paracone and metacone are close to the external margin, rounded, protocone more trihedral, metaconule mod- erately developed, para- conule rudimentary, hypo- cone prominent and distinct, extended anteriorly on m'? in a strong shelf internal to the protocone. — In all three the hypocone is developed from the internal cingulum.
The measurements of the skull and teeth are about one-fifth greater than those
of Vulp satiate a rof eclus, while Fig.8. Thryptacodon olseni, parts of fore limb: ante-
the limbs are about one-half rior view of distal ends of humerus and radius, dorsal view of metacarpus, with unciform, lacking digit Ab i
greater. Natural size, type specimen.
Vertebre. The vertebree are at present so much buried in matrix that a detailed description is not possible. .
Limb bones. The humerus is like that of Arctocyon and the Cercoleptoid : Miacidee. The deltoid crest is shorter and more abruptly ended than in Vulpavus, the radius facet less convex from side to side.
The femur has a third trochanter, but quite small. The patellar trochlea
d
| \ i \ | | I | | { I { ! j f i 1 I
12 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
[Vol. XXXIV, is longer than in Vulpavus and Palearctonyz.
The shaft of the radius is smaller in proportion to the ulna, and the shaft of the fibula is larger in proportion to the tibia than in the Miacidz; the distal facets of tibia and
fibula are somewhat more oblique and the astragalar trochlea of the tibia is
_—
\ \ \ \ | \ | | | | |
a“
MVOXRASS ZO? A. I.
wy), / ff \\ \ | -2° py \ S, i \
s ; py NG
\ Ih, Yj,
Fig. 9. Phryptacodon olsent, hind limb bones natural size, front view of femur, inner and front views of tibia, the latter with fibula somewhat displaced in matrix. Type specimen.
cyonide.
less excavated than in Vulpavus. The styloid process of the radius is less prominent. In all these features it approaches more nearly to the Arcto-
- 1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 13
Fore foot. The unciform and me. I, I, IV and V are preserved. They are notably more robust than in Vulpavus as well as of larger size. The trapezoid facet of mc.II faces proximad instead of intero-proximad as in Vulpavus; the facet of me.I for the trapezium likewise lacks the obliquity of the corresponding facet of me.I on Vulpavus. These features indicate a less prehensile hand. The unciform is remarkably different from the known Miacide and Arctocyonide in that it appears to indicate a serial carpus, there being no proximal facet for the lunar. There is a single proximal facet for the cuneiform, notable chiefly for its extent; a distal facet for me. IV—V, imperfectly divided; and three internal facets, for me.I], magnum, and centrale or lunar or both.
Measurements. Length of upper cheek teeth p*-m’°. ee oa j1.3 Diameters of p? anteroposterior 4.5 transverse 4.1 (Z9 (a9 p* 6c 5 : 8 6c 6 : 5 6c cc m! 6c 6 : 8 (a3 8 : 9 a9 6c m2 6c 6 : 7 6e 8 : 8 be ce m? (<9 5 ; @) (79 ee : 66 ‘al qT: 6.2 66 a Length of skull from p* to: mastoid process. ous i oie ek ie oe ee 80 Wadth of skull at prefrontal processes ss i 450 Width of skull at postorbital constriction (this and the preceding dimension are much exaggerated by the crushing of the skull).................... 20.5 Width of brain-case....... Gs Wits Has wes gp tat Na en lee Ghee ac gy aa 45.3 Humerus, length from distal end to apex diameter of deltoid crest........... 66.8 re Piasieter. (Ot. Cimbs ed ke ee ee aa ees 38 .0 Femur, length from distal end to apex of 3d trochanter.................-.. 97.5
Radius, diameters of head, 13.5 X 14. e shaft one-fourth down 8.5 X5.5.
ARCTOCYONID. Anacodon Cope 1882."
Type, A. ursidens from Lysite of Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Generic characters: Crowns of molar teeth flattened, rugose, cusps obscured, premolars } much reduced. Lower jaw flanged anteriorly, canine and incisors re- duced and crowded, upper canine probably laniary.
Three additional specimens of this rare genus were secured by Mr. Granger in Wyoming and one in New Mexico. The Wyoming specimens are from the Lysite and uppermost Gray Bull zones, the New Mexican
1 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XX, p. 181. Pal. Bull. No. 34.
14 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
specimens from the upper part of the Lower Wasatch. ‘The matrix of the type specimen of A. ursidens as well as those referred to this species by Osborn in 1892 indicate that they are also from the Lysite horizon.
The new material shows that the lower jaw of Anacodon was heavily flanged at the chin as in the Macherodonts, the lower canine and incisors reduced and compressed even more than in Hoplophoneus. This probably indicates a large compressed sabre-like upper canine.
The specimen from the Lysite indicates a larger but more primitive species than A. ursidens. The New Mexican specimen is smaller than any of those from Wyoming and is perhaps a more primitive mutant, but is referred to Cope’s species.
The flanged lowér jaw is a quite unexpected character in this genus, for no trace of this specialization is present in Clenodon nor as far as I know in Arctocyon. It points evidently to some-highly specialized food-habits, but is not comparable with that of the Macherodonts nor with the Oxyzenid genus Macheroides, since it is here associated with frugivorous or omnivorous cheek teeth. Bathyopsis and Uintatherium are similarly flanged, but there is no close parallelism in the cheek teeth.
Anacodon ursidens Cope 1882.
Anacodon ursidens Corr 1882, Pal. Bull. No. 34, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XX, p. 182; 1885, Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 427, pl. xxve, fig. 2; OsBorn (& WoRTMAN), 1892, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 115, fig. 13.
Type, No. 4261, parts of lower jaws from the Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: m_3=38. P+ rounded, subquadrate, with low protocone and deuterocone and distinct tritto- and tetartocone. Molars with rounded outline, cones low, much obscured by surface rugosities.
To this species is referred in addition to i specimens described by Osborn a lower jaw, No. 15711, from the top of the Gray Bull beds near Fenton in the Big Horn Basin. The greater part of the left ramus and about half of the right ramus are preserved. The j jaw deepens anteriorly, and shows a sharply marked, broad, thin and deep dependent flange; the an- terior part of the jaw is concave externally, the flange bordered anteriorly by a strong crest which runs up to the canine alveolus. The canine alveolus is relatively small and much compressed, the incisive alveoli are obscurely indicated but were evidently small, laterally compressed and crowded out of series. Behind the canine is a long diastema followed by the vestigial ps and small two-rooted pa. Mis much smaller than ms, m3 somewhat smaller.
The jaw becomes shallower but much thicker under the posterior molars.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 1D
The masseteric fossa is deep and extends forward to a point beneath the posterior end of ms, bounded inferiorly by a well defined ridge and antero-
superiorly by the high crest which runs upward to the anterior margin of the coronoid process.
Neve? S25
-
ee : a
= ie mas aoe ae
Fig. 10. Anacodon ursidens, lower jaw, inner and outer views and crown view of teeth, natural size. No. 15711, top of Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
No. 16781, lower jaw fragments with ps-ms perfect and unworn, agrees with the described specimens save for smaller size. It is from the Upper Gray Bull horizon at head of Ten-Mile Creek in the Big Horn Basin.
The New Mexican specimen consists of parts of the lower jaw with mz_3 of the left, and m; and mp of the right side, it is slightly smaller and the teeth appear somewhat more primitive than A. ursidens from Wyoming, except
No. 16781.
16 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Anacodon cultridens sp. nov.
Type, No. 15638, upper and lower jaws from Lysite beds of the Big Horn Valley, at the head of Fifteen-mile Creek.
Distinctive characters: my-2=50; p* subtrigonal with cusps higher than in ) A. ursidens, no trittocone or tetartocone; molar cusps less flattened or obscured by cren- ulations.
This species is about one-fourth larger in lineal measurements, but more primitive in the construc- tion of molar and premolar teeth. The jaw is flanged anteriorly, but the flange does not appear to be so deep as in A. ursidens. The specimen consists of
upper and lower jaws ap-
Fig.11. Anacodon cultridens, upper and lower cheek tlv ck f teeth, crown views, natural size. Type specimen, Lysite parently wl some irag- beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. ments of the skull, but the
bone is badly preserved and obscured by hard matrix, so that little can be determined with cer- tainty beyond the characters of the premolars and molars, p?-m?, p4—m; which are in good preservation.
MIACIDA.
This family is represented by six genera and fourteen species in the Lower Eocene formations. Four of the genera survive into the Middle Eocene. The Miacide are a group of genera divergently specializing into predaceous and frugivorous adaptations, ancestral to the Fissipede carnivora, and to some extent foreshadowing their broader groups. In the Lower Bridger they are divided primarily into two groups, the Viverravine with one genus Viverravus, and the Miacinee with Uintacyon, Miacis, Oddectes and Vul pavus. Following these divisions down into the Wasatch horizons, we find the Viverravine (represented by Viverravus and Didymictis) still well distin- guished from the Miacine (represented by Uintacyon, Miacis, Vassacyon and Vulpavus), but the genera of each group approximate, especially
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. ve
towards the base of the Wasatch, so that it becomes much more difficult to distinguish the species and assign them to their proper genera. The Lower Eocene species of the family are far less divergent than those of the Bridger, and often combine in varying proportions distinctive characters which in the Bridger stage have become sorted out into well differentiated and distinct genera. In 1909 I based a new genus, Vassacyon, upon one of these Wasatch species which combined, characters of Miacis, Vulpavus and Uin- tacyon and referred the remaining described species to those genera to whose type species they appeared to be most nearly related. I knew at that time of a number of undescribed species from the Lower Eocene, but postponed description until more and better material should be at hand as a result of Mr. Granger’s expeditions. This new material confirms the arrangement made in 1909, but shows that in addition to the four genera there noted, two others are represented. In every case the species, and especially the species or mutants from the older horizons, are more or less synthetic in type.
Had we to deal with the species of Didymictis and Viverravus from the Gray Bull, it would be natural to put them under a single genus. But the Lost: Cabin species fall into two well distinguished genera. Similarly, if we had to deal only with the Gray Bull species of Miacine, they might well be included under a single, rather broadly inclusive genus, while the Middle Eocene species fall into four clearly distinct generic groups. It might seem that the affinities of the Lower Eocene species would be better ex- pressed by so uniting them into a single primitive genus from which the specialized genera of the Middle Eocene could be derived. But I have failed to find any primitive characters which would serve to define such a genus in distinction from the Middle Eocene genera already described, and have therefore been compelled to distribute the Lower Eocene species for the most part, among the specialized genera. That is to say, the evolution of the several Miacid phyla was divergent, and not to any extent parallel progressive.
The affinities of the phyla as illustrated by the known species with their geological range appear to be about as follows: Mzacis represents the central type, from which have diverged a number of specialized phyla, some be- coming more predaceous, others frugivorous or omnivorous, as indicated by the teeth and other adaptive features of skull and skeleton. Of these, Didymictis is the earliest, and presents a succession of species of progres- sively larger size and with the carnassial dentition more differentiated, but retaining the tubercular dentition much as in Viverra. Viverravus is an allied phylum paralleling some of the smaller modern Viverride, with the tubercular dentition more reduced; its earlier species show a much more
18 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
marked approach to the Miacine in the premolar teeth than do the earlier species of Didymictis. Uvintacyon is nearly allied to Miacis but with trenchant heels on the molars, and progressively reduced premolars. It is intermediate in numerous particulars between Viverravus and Miacis. ‘The central genus Miacis diverges in the later Eocene into a number of sub- genera, the genus thus repeating the differentiation which the family Miacidee underwent at an earlier stage. Vassacyon and Vulpavus are specializations from the Miacis type towards a more frugivorous mode of life paralleling the Procyonide especially Cercoleptes'; the Lower Eocene species are closely allied to those of Miacis but Vulpavus is more divergent in the Middle Eocene, paralleling Procyon and differentiating into sub- genera; Palwarctonyx is a more extreme frugivorous adaptation, paralleling Cercoleptes, and probably derived from some species of Vulpavus. Oddectes seems to be another specialization from Miacis in somewhat the same direction, but with suggestions of insectivorous adaptation.
The Arctocyonide represent one or more earlier specializations in the same direction as these Cercoleptoid and Procyonoid Miacide. But they are derivatives not from the Mzacid type, but from an earlier evolutionary stage in which the carnassial dentition had not yet specialized. In adapta- tion, Clanodon, Thryptacodon and Vulpavus correspond rather closely; so do Anacodon and Palearctonyx. But they belong evidently to different phyla.
Key to Genera of Miacide.
A. Antero-external cusp of p* prominent. Molars $, m2 elongate oval.
wer ORS. With “Dae heed ek oe. o's hace os a ae ba eee Didymictis.
BB. “Lower molars with trenchant heels.........:../........-. Viverravus.
AA. Anteroexternal cusp of p! weak or absent. Molars 3, mz and m; short-oval or round.
B. Carnassials well differentiated, p* extended postero-externally, trigonid of of m; high, of ms_3 low. C. Lower molars with trenchant heels................... Uintacyon. CC. Lower molars with basin heels. D. Mz: and m; and heel of m; relatively small, premolars unreduced. } Miacis. DD. Mbpand heel of m; large, premolars reduced.......... Vassacyon. BB. Carnassials little differentiated, pt not extended posteroexternally, trigonids of molars similar.
C. Lower molars with trenchant heels, trigonids high........Oddectes. CC. Lower molars with basin heels, trigonids low, my: and ms; and heel
WES CSUs): eee Rea RR RLU Greets LAC APC a iA iy () Vulpavus. CCC. Lower molars flat topped, premolars much reduced. . . . Palearctonyz.
1JT take occasion to note that the expression ‘‘Cercoleptoid Miacidse’’ does not involve any hypothesis that Cercoleptes is descended from this group, but merely that the teeth show a similar adaptation.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 19
Didymictis Cope 1875.!
Type, D. protenus (Copr 1874) from Wasatch of New Mexico.
Syn., Viverravus Worrman (and Martrusw) 1899, MarrHew 1901, in part. Not Viverravus MarsuH 1872.
Distinguished from Viverravus by the broader, basined heels of the lower molars; upper molars with metaconule and posterior crest of protocone well developed.
This genus is among the most abundant and best known of the Lower Kocene Creodonts, ranging from Torrejon to Lost Cabin, the species pro-
Fig. 12. Didymictis, upper teeth of D. altidens (Lost Cabin beds), D. protenus (Gray Bull beds) and D. haydenianus (Torrejon formation). All natural size, crown views.
gressively larger and more robust, with the tubercular and sectorial denti- tion more clearly differentiated in the later species, the jaw heavier and deeper.
The Torrejon Didymictis, D. haydenianus, differs materially from the later species, approaching Viverravus in the acute angulate form of the cusps, higher trigonid of me, and the compressed premolars, although it shows the basined heels of the molars which are the primary generic dis- tinction.
1 Syst. Cat. Vert. Eoc. New Mex., p. 5.
20 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Key to Species of Didymictis.
A. Mb,with higher trigonid, imperfectly tubercular. Protocone of m! high angulate,
with posterior wing weak. Two posterior accessory cusps on p4, none on ps.
1. Length of pi-m, = 33-38, of mi. = 14mm.............. D. haydenianus.
AA. M, tubercular with low trigonid. Protocone of m! broader with anterior and posterior wings subequal. A posterior accessory cusp on p; and pa.
2a. Length of pyx-m, = 45-53 mm., mj. = 16-18 mm. . D. protenus leptomylus.
2. Length of p;x-m, = 55-60 mm., m)_2 = 19-22 mm........... D. protenus. 2b. Length of pi-m, = 65-70 mm., mj_. = 21-24 mm... . D. protenus lysitensis. 3. Length of pi-m, = 70-75 mm., m;_» = 24-26 mm............ D. altidens.
Didymictis protenus leptomylus Cope 1880.
Didymictis leptomylus Corr 1880, Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV, p. 908; 1885, Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 309, pl. xxva, fig. 12; pl. xxvd, fig.6; Marruew 1901, Bull. A. M.N.H., Vol. XIV, p. 10.
Type, A. M. No. 4288, lower molars (mjl., mer. & 1) recorded as from the Wind River Basin, Wyoming, but more probably from Big Horn Basin.
Cope distinguished this species from D. protenus by the smaller size and more elongate my. In 1885 he referred to it, as a larger variety, a number of jaws from the Big Horn Basin intermediate in size between the type and D. protenus. Matthew in 1901 referred to this larger variety a number of upper and lower jaws and fragmentary skeletons from the lower levels of the Big Horn Wasatch, and pointed out certain additional distinctions in the teeth. Several specimens of upper and lower jaws obtained by the ‘Museum parties of 1910-12 from the Clark Fork and Sand Coulée (red- banded beds) and lower levels of the Gray Bull, confirm these characters. All the specimens, however, except one, are larger than the type, and the intergradation with the typical D. protenus makes it appear that this is a primitive subspecies scarcely entitled to distinct specific rank.
Distinctive characters: pi-m, = 45-53 mm., mi_» = 16 mm. (type) to 18 mm. Parastyle of m! less extended.
Nos. 15856, 16071, lower jaws, and several unnumbered jaw fragments with upper and lower teeth from the Clark Fork beds are referable to D. leptomylus; Nos. 2806, 2855, upper and lower jaws with considerable parts of skeleton are from the lower beds of the Wasatch in the Big Horn Valley but their exact level is uncertain. Of the later collections, the specimens from the lower levels of the Gray Bull horizon are all of size approximating the above measurements; in the middle and upper levels the specimens are progressively larger and agree more nearly with D. protenus.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 21
Didymictis protenus (Cope 1874).
Limnocyon protenus Cope 1874, Rep. Vert. Foss. New Mex. , p. 15; (Didymictis) 1875, Syst. Cat. Vert. Hoc. New Mex., p. 11; 1877, Ext. Vert. New hee p. 123, pl. xxxix, figs. 1-9; 1885, Tertiary Varobraia, p. oll; in part.
Syn. Piipeiiche curtidens Cop 1882, Pal. Bull. 34, Proc. Am. Phil. Soe. Vol. XX, p. 160; Tert.. Vert. p. 313, pl. xxivd, fe 10.
Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1092, lower jaws from the New Mexican Wasatch. Distinctive characters: Pi-m, = 55-60 mm.; mj_. = 19-22 mm. Parastyle of m! considerably extended, with oblique crest, no distinct metastyle on cingulum.
This is the typical and best known species of the genus, and is repre- sented in our collections by a large series of specimens, including several skulls, with fragmentary skeletons, and numerous upper and lower jaws. The greater part are from the Big Horn Basin, but three lower jaws are from the New Mexican Wasatch, a number of parts of jaws from the Wind River and Clark Fork basins, and a single jaw fragment from the Evanston Wasatch.
The New Mexican specimens agree fairly well with the type; they represent both upper and lower horizons. ‘The specimens from the Lysite level in the Big Horn and Wind River basins, are uniformly larger and are. referred to a more progressive mutant. To this variety also belong a num- ber of Big Horn specimens of earlier collections; their horizon is not exactly recorded, but from such records as exist of level and locality, and from the character of matrix and preservation, it appears that they are from the Lysite or.the upper levels of the Gray Bull. Among these are the speci-. mens figured by Cope in 1885 and Matthew in 1901. This larger variety (D. protenus lysitensis infra) 1s not recognized in the New Mexican Wasatch, but the Evanston specimen appears to be referable to it.
Didymictis curtidens was based upon a lower jaw fragment in which the space behind the carnassial for mz is less than normal; but this may be due to immaturity or to abnormal retardation of the eruption of mpg; it is not distinguishable otherwise nen protenus and no other specimens confirm its supposed characters.
Didymictis protenus lysitensis mut. nov.
Didymictis protenus Corr 1885, Tert. Vert. p. 311, pl. xxvd, figs. 4 and 5; (Viver- ravus) MarrHEew 1901, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XIV, p. 8, figs. 1-5
Type, No. 15639 from Lysite of 15-mile Creek, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: p:-M2 = 65-70 mm.; mi-2 = 21-24 mm. _Parastyle of m! ~ much extended with oblique crest, sometimes double cusped; metastyle a more or less distinct cusp.
4 Bulletin. American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
This is intermediate between protenus and altidens. All the specimens from the Lysite horizon in the Big Horn and Wind River basins conform to the above characterization. A number of specimens in the older collections also agree with it, and most if not all of them appear from the character of
A 1 pe
—\
Sm]
— ~ =
Fig. 14.
Fig. 13. Didymictis protenus lysitensis. Upper teeth of type skeleton, crown view, natural size left side, m! reversed from right side. Lysite beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Fig. 14. Didymictis protenus lysitensis, lower jaw, outer view, patural size. From type specimen, fragmentary skeleton from Lysite beds of Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Fig. 15. Didymictis protenus lysitensis, caleaneum and astragalus of type specimen, natural size, superior and internal views.
the matrix or the records of locality to be from the Lysite or the upper levels of the Gray Bull. The New Mexican Wasatch has not yielded any
specimens referable to this subspecies, although some are larger than the type of D. protenus.
Nos. 2831, 4230, 15640-3, 83, 4236, ete., are from the Big Horn Basin, 12812a, 12775 from the Wind River Lysite.
Didymictis altidens Cope 1880.1
Type, No. 4792, lower jaw fragments with m; and ms, from the Wind River Basin, Wyoming.
This species is characteristic of the Lost Cabin horizon, from which Mr.
1 Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV, p. 746.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 20
Granger obtained a number of upper and lower jaws more or less frag- mentary, affording between them a fairly complete reconstruction of upper and lower cheek teeth. |
The distinctions from D. protenus are the larger and more robust teeth,
> r] ~,
~ ~ Se
z= af)
W/m
See
Fig. 16. Didymictis altidens, palate, natural size. No. 14750, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin, Wyoming.
heavier protocone and deuterocone of p*, discontinuous internal cingulum of m!, m? more oval in outline, less extended transversely, with broader anteroexternal cingulum and more reduced metacone, lower premolars with
24 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
more massive but less distinct posterior accessory cusps, hypoconid of m; larger and more massive and more central in position, filling up most of the “basin” of the heel, my broader and with shorter heel. Jaw a little longer than in D. protenus but considerably deeper.
Nos. 14749-52 upper and lower jaws from the Lost Cabin horizon in the
7
NN NY \ Uy, WOK 3 )
: Ss ie ae
Fig. 17. Didymictis altidens, lower jaw, outer view, with crown view of teeth, natural size. No. 14749, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
Wind River Basin, and 4792-8 fragments of jaws and teeth probably from the same level, are referable to this species. The specimens from the Lysite horizon are referable to D. protenus. In the Big Horn Basin a speci- men has been described by Prof. Scott as D. altidens.1 Information as to the exact locality of this specimen was kindly supplied by Professor Scott. It is from the westward extension of Tatman Mountain in the Big Horn Basin and was associated with Lambdotherium. Its horizon is thus fixed as
Lost Cabin.
In No. 14750 the palate is very well preserved, and in No. 14749 the lower jaw.
I refer to this species No. 14781, a specimen from the Lost Cabin beds in the Wind River Basin, consisting of the tibize, fibule and complete hind feet, with a few other fragments. The reference is based upon agreement in construction of the foot bones with the corresponding parts in associated specimens of the smaller species.
1 Scorr, 1888, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. LX, p. 169.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. PAs.
The feet display the characters of Viverravinee as outlined by Matthew in 1909. The ungual phalanges are long, not strongly curved or com- pressed as in the Miacinee, but as in all Eucreodi they are unfissured at the tips. The symmetry of the pes is paraxonic, mt. III and IV paired. The hallux is not divergent as it is in Vulpavus, nor have the cuneiforms the curious oblique facets noticed in that genus; in this and other respects they are more like those of modern Carnivora. The astragalus has a considerable cuboid facet, a very oblique and shallow grooved trochlea, the outer crest more distinct than in Miacine. The forward movement of the tibia is limited by two well marked facets upon the neck of the astra- galus; one for the internal malleolus upon its inner slope, the other for the anterior face of the tibia upon the outer slope of the neck, and continuous with the trochlea. The astragalar foramen limits the play of the tibia posteriorly so that the motion at this joint is not extensive. The movement of the fibula on the caleaneum is similarly limited. The patellar trochlea of the femur is very long, the patella small and flat, not elongate; the con- dyles of the femur face posteriorly. The fibula is unusually heavy; tibia and fibula moderately long. The proximal and second row of phalanges are of moderate depth and permit extended movement on the metapodials; the second phalanx is slightly asymmetric but not excavated for a retractile claw.
The unciform is broad and low, with a fairly wide lunar facet, whose angle with the cuneiform facet is very slight. ae
The construction of the pes in this genus dif- fers very considerably from that in the Miacine, although it has the essential family features. It affords an interesting comparison with the pes of Oxyena from the same formation.
\ 0 CY} Zp AN
Fig. 18. Didymictis alti- dens, tibia and fibula, natu- ral size, anterior and distal views, No. 14781, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
Mo 44707 A. f7.
Fig. 19. Didymictis altidens, hind foot, dorsal and inner views, natural size. No. 14781, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
1915.; Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. vat
Viverravus Marsh 1872.1
Type, V. gracilis from Lower Bridger of Wyoming. Syn., Didymictis Cors, in part.
This genus is represented in the Lost Cabin and Lysite beds by V. dawkinstanus (Cope), in the Sand Coulée and Gray Bull by two undescribed species with premolars very like those of Miacis. The successive species from Sand Coulée to Bridger show a progressive elongation of the premolar region of the jaw and lengthening of the premolars. V. dawkinsianus is close to gracilis; the two older species are much more primitive. No notable change occurs in the molar teeth.
MAG.
YS ain: AW 3
Fig. 20. Hig; 23% Fig. 20. Viverravus, lower jaws of three species of the Lower Eocene. Above, V. dawkinsianus, Lost Cabin zone, middle figure V. acutus, lower figure V. politus, both Sand
Coulée and lower Gray Bull zone. All natural size. : Fig. 21. Viverravus acutus, lower jaw, inner and outer views and crown view of teeth,
+wice natural size, with outline of natural size. Type specimen, Sand Coulée beds, Clark Fork Basin.
Viverravus acutus sp. nov.
Type, A. M. No. 16112, parts of lower jaws and fragments of upper jaws from Sand Coulée beds, Clark Fork, Wyoming.
1 Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. IV, p. 127.
28 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Distinctive characters: Premolars high, short, compressed, like those of Miacine. A small posterior accessory cusp on ps4, none on ps3.
NolS5181 ir A. / le | \ M12 7.5 mm.
This species is smaller than V. dawkinsianus and readily distinguished by the proportions of the premolars, very different from the elongate teeth of all other Viverravine and resembling those of Miacis.
; The molar teeth are reduced copies of dawkinsianus.
Fig: 22, Viverravus ; : s a acutus, upper jaw frag- live lower jaws Nos. 15174, 15181, from the Gray ment with molar teeth, Bull beds and Nos. 89, 90 and 4247 from the Big enlarged to two diam- ‘ ; eters, and outline of nat- Horn basin, probably Gray Bull beds, are referable ural Size. No. 15181, to this species but all somewhat more progressive
Gray Bull beds, Big Horn ‘ + ; _ 7 Basin. in the direction of V. dawkinsianus.
Viverravus politus sp. nov.
Type, No. 16113, lower jaws with my_sr, psx-mzl., from Sand Coulée beds in Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: Premolars short and high, as in Miacis; my». = 12.5 mm.
This species, like V. acutus, retains the short high premolars of Miacis, but is a much larger animal, intermediate in size between V. gracilis and V. sicarius. cy
No. 15180, comprising parts of both rami of the lower jaw from the Gray Bull Beds, Big Horn Basin, is referred to this species but is somewhat larger and more robust than the type.
Viverravus dawkinsianus (Cope 1881).
Didymictis dawkinsianus Corr, 1881, Bull. U.S.
Ce Tere, Volk Vi, p..191: 1885, Tertiary Verte- . te ee brata, p. 310, pl. xxva, fig. 11; (Viverravus) Wort- P | MAN, 1899, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XII, p. 136. et
Type, No. 4788, lower jaw from the Lost Cabin Sn
horizon of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Fig. 23. Viverravus politus
Distinctive characters: Premolars long, com- lower teeth inner and outer pressed, not high, prominent posterior accessory Views enlarged to two diameters, cusps on pz and py. Length of p,_4 less than twice tly eats aprile inci M1-2; Pr-Mz (approximately) = 27.5; mi, = 10mm. Oneida take, Clark BP fyi.
This species is closely allied to V. gracilis. I can find no evidence for Cope Ss statement that p; has but one root, but the premolar portion of the
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 29
Jaw is shorter than in V. gracilis (in which Pi—Me, = 30 mm.; my» = 9.5 mm.). It is thus intermediate between V. acutus and gracilis, but nearer to the latter. Six lower jaws, all from the Lost Cabin horizon in the Wind River Basin, are referable here.
Uintacyon Leidy 1871.
Type, U. edax from Middle Eocene (Bridger).
: atic 23.1.4.23 : ‘ Generic characters: Dentition 2314.93) D* carnassiform with small parastyle;
m'~ with moderately extended parastyles, metacones slightly smaller than paracones, protocones lacking posterior crest. Lower premolars reduced, posterior accessory cusps rudimentary; mi with high trigonid and trenchant heel, m, short with low trigonid and small trenchant heel.
Two distinct species are represented in our Lower Eocene collections. One, “ Didymictis”” massetericus Cope is about the size of the Bridger species
Gan ) No. (623! ‘ ae A. ™,
Fig. 24. Uintacyon massetericus, lower jaw, outer view, natural size, and crown and outer views of teeth enlarged to two diameters. No. 16231, Almagre beds, Wasatch forma- tion, San Juan Basin, New Mexico.
U. jugulans. The other is about as large as U. vorax Leidy. Both are rare. The genus is differentiated from Miacis by the trenchant heels of its lower
30 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
molars and lack of a posterior crest of the protocone on upper molars. From Viverravus it is distinguished by the reduced premolars, short molars and retention of ms. It occupies therefore an intermediate position between these two genera.
Uintacyon massetericus (Cope 1882).
Didymictis massetericus Cope 1882, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. Vol. XX, p. 160; 1885, fertiary Vertebrata, p. 312, pl. xxive, fig. 11; (Uintacyon) Matruew, 1909, U.S.
G.S. Bull. 361, p. 93.
Type, No. 4250, lower jaw with ps—mz |., from the Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin, probably Lysite or upper Gray Bull.
Specific characters: pis = 17.5; mi_3 = 14. Heels of lower molars shorter and wider than U. jugulans, posterior accessory cusp of ps much smaller.
Fig. 25. Fig. 26.
Fig. 25. Uintacyon massetericus, upper jaw fragments with p+-m? left and p*—m! of right side, enlarged to two diameters, with outline of natural size. No. 157 19, lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Fig. 26. Uintacyon massetericus rudis. Type specimen, lower jaw fragment, natural
size, outer view, and outer and crown views of teeth, twice natural size. Sand Coulée beds, Clark Fork Basin.
In addition to the type I refer to this species two lower jaw fragments Nos. 15647 from the Lysite of the Big Horn Basin, No. 16749 from the upper Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, and also No. 15719, upper jaw fragments from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn. A nearly complete lower jaw, No. 16231, from the lower beds of the Wasatch of New Mexico also agrees quite closely with the type.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. ok
The species is near to U. jugulans, but the jaw is deeper, the premolar region more reduced, the molars shorter. The upper jaw shows p*-m? in good preservation. P* has the inner cusp comparatively small and anterior in position, and the anteroexternal cusp is stronger than in other species, approaching Viverravus. The molars also approach Viverravus in con- struction, the protocone lacking the posterior wing, while the anterior wing is high and nearly continuous with the strong protoconule as a very marked transverse crest. Unlike Viverravus the paracone and metacone are of nearly equal size, and parastyle only moderately extended. ‘The second molar has very little parastyle, the external shelf is rather narrow and is practi- cally absent outside the metacone. Presence of m? is not demonstrated.
Uintacyon massetericus rudis mut. nov.
Type, No. 16855, a lower jaw fragment from Sand Coulée horizon in Clark Fork Basin. |
Distinctive characters: M, smaller than in the type, the trigonid more distinct from talonid and higher; talonid smaller.
This is a primitive stage of Cope’s species with the carnassial and tuber- cular dentition less sharply differentiated. Nos. 16750 and 16751, from the Systemodon zone are intermediate between this and typical massetericus.
w
Measurements.
No. 16231, New Mex. No. 15719, Gray Bull No. 16750, Gray Bull
Type, No. 4250 No. 15647, Lysite
in en i a ni i et et
Total length of jaw, canine to condyles.............| 67
Lower Diemer ee eh ee ees ee a 17.9 Lower miele oe es ee Ta ee Ree 13.8 Upper tect tie tits scores a ey eae P4 anteropesterier Ga mevetnc oi iice) Sa lieilaae
6.6
8.5
‘SS pani Sey etn x Pea MC SIL UREA he POCA 5.0 M4 anteramasteronie. £5 oi tact aoe Fae 5.5 8.0
B24
520
—
‘* transverse LPN ee nau Dat YA NE Oe Ravi hy M2 anteroposterior oc Oi hut ceeds p6 tanger mean. Ori ines Canevari nies bi adantbal abheg aa
ww Fis
32 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Measurements.— (Continued.)
x = = sia|a4i, S = 3 a ‘s aiztio|s|a “2 te 2 ee ie eral oer 1-8 = 6 C} ) 5 Ee Z Z Zz Z tg RCT OpOerer mr CuaIeUer Ee Sea dae eo | | “ height of crown | | P, anteroposterior diameter.......-.../......0...... 2 | 5.3 SRG TA NER RS o fre Bech ha St YY oldie we dees «= 4.9 4.4 M; anteroposterior diameter..................05.- 6.9 noe 7.3 ‘“ transverse barat See ec ee oe ae 4.7 4.1 “ height of protocone from base of enamel........ 6.9 6.2 ‘¢ anteroposterior length of heel.................. 2.5 2.5 M, anteroposterior diameter..................-.-- | 4.0 4.5 | 4.6 “transverse 5 Ae OV RAIS Cae Sa Ty my Lee 3.6 3.2 | 3.8
Uintacyon cf. vorax.
A larger species is represented by No. 15748, two lower jaw fragments of one individual from the Gray Bull beds of Shoshone River in the Big Horn Basin. It is very probably distinct from the Middle Eocene species with which I have compared it, but the specimen does not show any clearly distinctive characters.
Measurements. Ps-m3; ete SN, ee Nea Be oe a apie dee al fart ip acy, Th orale £2 | Air SR wren Oe Ou Gar al ane ROE) 26.5 Deere ae OR eee ei bee nb ae eae alt oo otek Awa hele ek mex 5.7 M, es “ Ree Marsan sll ee Pe tech i ORIN, Peer Gee, Bake 6.0 xX 4.2 eA Cer tant, Ceineters POY Mt aes aos bas Lakeshs UC hieai on Se eee 3.3X 4.7 Be We MCMOGNT Melee co tos yeas aiva ede oes bce weds eae eee LY ge
Miacis Cope 1872.! Type, M. parvivorus from the Lower Bridger of Wyoming.
To this genus may be referred two species from the Lower Eocene. The differentiation of the carnassial dentition is a little less advanced than in
1 Pal. Bull. No. 3, Aug. 7, 1872; Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XII, p. 470.
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunus. 30
M. parvivorus of the Lower Bridger, considerably less than in the later species of the genus, but more than in the Lower Eocene species hereafter
Fig. 27. Miacis, lower jaws of two Lower Eocene species. Above, M. latidens type, Lost Cabin beds, below, M. exiguus, No. 15717, Upper Gray Bull beds; intermediate M. latidens mut. prim., No. 15177, Lower Gray Bull beds. All natural size.
referred to Vulpavus and decidedly more than in the Middle Eocene typical species of Vulpavus.
Miacis exiguus sp. nov.
Type, No. 15176, palate, part of lower jaw and fragmentary skeleton; paratypes Nos. 15717, 15718, lower jaws, all from the Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: Pi-m3 = 38 mm.; my_3 = 13. P* and m; carnassiform, parastyles of m!~ extended, upper molars with cingulum continuous around proto- cone, heavier posteriorly but not forming a hypocone. Parastyle of pt minute. My, with high trigonid and basin heel; me with low trigonid but not completely tubercular ; m; tubercular, oval with trigonid cusps distinct, small basin heel and roots imperfectly separate. Premolars rather short, high, compressed with minute anterior and pos- terior basal cusps, and a small posterior accessory cusp on ps. PP: one-rooted; pz»
spaced.
This is the smallest of the Lower Eocene Miacidze except V2verravus acutus and dawkinsianus. Fragments of the skeleton associated with the
34 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
type show that the animal was a little larger than M. parvivorus although the jaws are of the same size or slightly smaller. The vertebral centra (caudals
No./51/176 MY, £4:
\ eo ©, a ee
Fig. 28. Miacis exiguus, palate, twice natural size, with outline of actual size. specimen (fragmentary skeleton), Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Type and lumbars) are more robust, the limb bones heavier, but their length cannot be determined.
Fifteen lower jaws from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Wasatch are referable to this species.
Miacis latidens sp. nov.
Type, No. 14766, lower jaw and part of maxilla, with m_; and m!~2, from the Lost Cabin beds of the Wind River Basin.
Distinctive characters: Pi—m3 = 35 mm., Mi-s = 16 mm. Upper molars with
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. oo
parastyle moderately extended, paracone much larger than metacone, narrow cingu- lum around protocone, no hypocone; m2? decidedly smaller than m1, m? minute. Lower molars with trigonid larger than heel, m; two-rooted, much smaller than Mp; heels basined, trigonids low. Premolars rather small, spaced, p; one-rooted. Canine moderately large, not compressed.
Ss Was i } vi HS S \ (| Y |
LE Ie mi AN mit i 3
PAN ut y Te
Fig. 29. Miacis exiguus, lower jaw, inner, occlusal and outer views, enlarged to two diameters, with outline of natural size. No. 15717, upper Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin. The heel of mz is badly preserved in this specimen, and has been interpreted from No. 15718.
This species is of the size of Vulpavus australis but the construction of the molars agrees with Miacis. It is perhaps a descendant of M. exrguus. It is a little larger than M. parvivorus:of the Bridger, the tubercular denti- tion is relatively larger, and the upper molars broader. Only the type
36 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
specimen is known from the Wind River, Nos. 15177-8 from the Gray Bull may be a primitive mutant of this species. The second molar in this mutant is somewhat larger and more like the first in pattern.
Other species of Miacis are represented by fragmentary specimens from the Big Horn Basin and the New Mexican Wasatch, but they are inade- quate for specific types.
Fig. 30. Miacis latidens, upper and lower jaw with molar teeth, m'~2, mz-3, enlarged to
two diameters, with outline of natural size. Type specimen, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
Vulpavus Marsh 1871.
Type, V. palustris, from the Lower Bridger of Wyoming.
T'wo Lower Eocene species are referable to this genus. As compared
1 Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. II, p. 124.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower EKocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. oY
with the Middle Eocene species they retain considerably more of the tuber- culo-sectorial character of the molars. This is most marked in the speci-
Fig. 31. Lower Eocene species of Vulpavus, lower jaws, natural size. Above, V. cana- vus, Nos. 14760 and 14767, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River basin; below V. australis, No. 16226 and 16227, Largo beds, San Juan Basin.
mens from the Gray Bull horizon; in the Lysite and Lost Cabin specimens
it progressively disappears.
Vulpavus canavus (Cope 1881).
Miacis canavus Corr, 1881, Bull. U. 8. G. S. Terrs. Vol. VI, p. 189; 1885, Ter- tiary Vertebrata, p. 302; Uintacyon Wortman, 1899, Bull. A. MM Ned, Vou. X11, p. 112; (Prodaphenus) Worrman 1901, Am. Jour. Scli., Vol. XI, p. 30; (Vulpavus) Marruew 1909, Mem. A. M. N.H., Vol. VI, p. 380.
Miacis brevirostris Corn, 1881, I. c., p. 190; 1885, 1. c., p. 303; Wortman, 1899, ‘ey 3 |
Type, Am. Mus. No. 4783, a lower. jaw with teeth broken off, from Lost Cabin beds of Wind River Basin.
Type of M. brevirostris, Am. Mus. No. 4785, a lower jaw with m, and part of pu, other teeth broken off, from same horizon and locality. .
Distinctive characters: M,-3 = 19-20 mm., pi-m3; = 36-41 mm. Lower tubercu- lar molars large; m, imperfectly carnassiform; ms two-rooted; heels of mi_2 as wide and as long as trigonids. Premolars reduced and spaced, slight accessory cusp on pa. Jaw short, deep and heavy, canine large, not compressed.
38 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
: " a5 S
Fig. 32. Vulpavus canavus, lower jaw,
diameters, with outline of natural size. No. 14760; outline of lower jaw and m from No. 14761. Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
internal and external, and crown view of teeth, enlarged to two
3 from No. 14763; tip of m;
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 39
Ten lower jaws from the Lost Cabin horizon of the Wind River agree very well with the types of canavus and brevirostris, which differ only in very trifling or inconstant characters. Five jaw fragments from the Lysite vary a little in innumerable details towards Miacis; and in five specimens from the Gray Bull horizon, these differences are more pronounced, the trigonid of m, being higher, the heels of m; and m,: narrower, the roots of m; imperfectly separated, the premolars relatively larger. Although insuffi- cient in degree to warrant a specific separation, these differences are signifi- cant in confirming the approach of these two Miacid genera as we trace them back through the Eocene. Differences of similar kind and equal degree are seen in specimens of the following species from the three horizons.
Vulpavus australis sp. nov.
Type, No. 16226, lower jaw with ps-m; from the Wasatch of New Mex- ico, ?lower beds.
Distinctive characters: Smaller than V. canavus, mig = 15 mm.; canines less robust, teeth less massive, but very similar in constructive details.
Four specimens from New Mex- ico, two from the Lost Cabin beds of Wyoming, five from the Lysite and four from the Gray Bull beds, are referred to this species. Those from the Gray Bull beds show a distinct approach toward Mzacis, as in V. canavus but the New Fig. 33. Vulpavus australis, lower jaw,
s : é outer view and crown view of teeth enlarged Mexican specimens, Nos. 16225-7, to two diameters, with outline of natural size. 16229, which except the type are all Type specimen, Wasatch of San Juan Basin,
New Mexico. Dotted outlines restored from from the upper beds, agree nearly No. 16227. with the Lysite specimens. Nos. 14764-5 from the Lost Cabin are somewhat more progressive towards the
typical Vulpavus from the Middle Eocene. —
Vassacyon Matthew 1909.' Type, V. promicrodon from the Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin.
This genus is in many respects intermediate between Miacis and Vul-
10. 8. G. 8. Bull 361, p. 93.
40) Bulletin American Museum of Natural History... [Vol. XXXIV,
pavus, but has some peculiarities of its own. The principal characters of the skull and skeleton are known from specimens secured by Mr. Granger in the Big Horn Basin, and may be compared with Vulpavus and Miacis as described by Matthew in 1909.
The skull is proportioned as in Vulpavus, very much shorter than in the Viverravine, the basicranial region broad and long, the glenoid articulations set well forward of the occipital condyles. The detailed construction of this region is obscured by matrix but appears to be much as in Vulpavus. Occiput broad and low; sagittal crest moderately developed. Nasals somewhat broader posteriorly than in Vulpavus; premaxillee more reduced. Facial exposure of lachrymal as in Miacis and Vulpavus.
Upper molars with short extension of parastyle, well developed hypo-
Fig. 34. Vassacyon promicrodon, skull, natural size. No. 15163, lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
cone, paracone somewhat larger than metacone; m! considerably larger than m”; m*® two-rooted. P4 carnassiform. Anterior premolars reduced; p? and p* two rooted with small or rudimentary heelcusps; p! one-rooted. In the lower jaw m, is carnassiform with large basin heel; ms tubercular, large, with low trenchant heel; m3 small, one-rooted, oval, tubercular cusps obscured. Premolars reduced, spaced; canine large, flattened, jaw below it angulate.
Skeleton much as in Vulpavus. Scaphoid, lunar and centrale united to a single bone. Trapezium larger than in any later Miacide. Claws com- pressed, high and sharp, not fissured at the tip.
1915.]
Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 4]
Vassacyon promicrodon (Wortman 1899).
Uintacyon promicrodon Wortman (& Marrurw) 1899, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol.
XII, p. 111; (Prodaphznus) WortTMAN 1901, Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. XI, p. 30; (Vassacyon) Marrnew 1909, U.S.G.S. Bull., 361, p. 98; Mem. A. M. N. H., Vol. VI, p.37, pr. xia; fie, 4:
Type, Am. Mus. No. 81, a lower jaw with ps-m; from the Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin, probably Systemodon zone.
Distinctive characters: P:-m3; = 40; mi-3 = 19. Other characters given under the genus.
To this species are referred Nos. 15163, skull; 15161 parts of skull and jaws with a large part of the skeleton; 15160 skull, lower jaws and several limb bones; 15162, 15164, ete., lower jaws. All are from the Systemodon zone of the Gray Bull in the Big Horn Basin.
No. 84, a fragment of lower jaw with ms and the heel of mz was con- sidered by Wortman a possible suc- cessor of this species in the Wind River (Lost Cabin zone). It is otherwise unknown from any later horizon.
This species is readily recogniza- _ ble by the peculiar thickening of the lower border of the jaw externally along the symphyseal region. This is associated with a flattened lower canine, and a somewhat triangular but curved upper canine.
SS
S>
7 es [ G { ' | \ ) AW
Fig. 35. Vassacyon promicrodon, skull, top view, natural size. No. 15163, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
42 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
>
ef
are N
‘ : iN fy RA aph ) Ky a i y KF ine we NNSZaik ah H ‘Ai Ki $A ; DALY te Rp #9 / S
ae eee ae Ade = Pe } ee gree seer (ag ———
~ beat od a _—— Rae a ats aan oe! che
‘Fig. 36. Vassacyon promicrodon, external view of lower jaw and crown views of upper and lower teeth, natural size; from skeleton No. 15161, lower Gray Bull beds of Big Horn Basin.
OXY ANID.
Family characters:' Carnassials m3, third molar absent.2_ Skull robust, basicranial region wide, jaws stout with strong symphysis. Lumbar zygapophyses cylindrical or revolute. No supratrochlear foramen on humerus. Manus and pes mesaxonic, claws fissured at the tip.
The Lower Eocene representatives of this family belong to three groups, (1) Oxyena, large, predaceous types with powerful shearing molars; (2) Paleonictis and Ambloctonus, large, short faced types with robust teeth adapted for breaking (? bone-breaking) and shearing; (3) Dipsalidictis and Prolamnocyon, smaller and more primitive genera with tuberculosectorial molars. These three groups correspond in adaptation to the Felide, Hye- nidz and Viverridee among modern carnivora.
Oxyena is well known from the descriptions of Cope and Wortman, and while fairly abundant in the Lower Eocene the new material adds little to the morphology. Paleonictis and Ambloctonus are much searcer, and of their skeletal construction very little is known. The new genus Dipsali-. dictis from the Clark Fork has the very primitive dentition of Limnocyon but lacks the progressive characters of the feet of that Middle and Upper
Kocene genus, the feet being the most primitive known among Oxyeenide. a ee Norte i ae On le nels pag ee
1 Matthew, 1909, Am. Mus. Mem., IX, 327. 2 Except in Prolimnocyon infra.
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Waseet and Wind River Faunas. 43
Another new genus Prolimnocyon is structurally ancestral in dentition to Inmnocyon and Thinocyon and is represented by a skull and several jaws from the Gray Bull horizon of the Wasatch. Its dental formula is that of
LPO L FAO 7 A. f7.
Mig; 37.
Fig. 37. Vassacyon promicrodon, humerus, radius and vane, front views; from the skeleton No. 15161, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Fig. 38. Vassacyon promicrodon, carpal bones and Hicial phalanx, natural size; above,
scapholunar proximal view, dorsal view with magnum, unciform and cuneiform, distal view;
below, ungual phalanx lateral and superior views. From skeleton No. 15161.
the early Hyznodonts, but it is typically Oxyeenid in other respects, and indicates the approximation of these two families in the early Eocene. The reference of Ambloctonus and Paleonictis to the Oxyzenidee (Mat-
44 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
VRE MY
WY
Fig. 39. Vassacyon promicrodon, hind limb bones, front views, natural size.
ton, No. 15161, Lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
From skele-
Fig. 40. Vassacyon, caleaneum and astragalus, superior views, natural size. No.
15258, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 45
thew, 1909) is confirmed by a more careful study of their characters, with the additional material now at hand. Although the second lower molar is smaller than the first, it is the tooth which in conjunction with the first upper molar is progressively specialized as a shearing tooth. The fourth upper premolar and first lower molar, although large teeth, have very little shearing action, as is clearly shown by the wear of these teeth, and the suc-. cessive species show a decided tendency to reduce these teeth wholly to the crushing (or bone-breaking?) function of the premolars. The same is true of Patriofelts and to a less marked extent of Oxywna and the Limnocyon group.
In all the Oxyeenide the carnassial angle is behind m!; that is to say, the outer line of the dentition is angulate at that point, the teeth in advance of it being extended posteroexternally, those behind it anteroexternally, a more or less pronounced pit (Hntodiastema of von Ihering) for the reception of the lower carnassial being developed in the palate. In the Miacide the carnassial angle is behind p‘, in the Hyzenodonts behind m?. This is a much more relia- ble guide to the affinities of the genera than is the relative size of the teeth, and conforms to a variety of differential family characters of skull and skeleton.
The Oxyeenid genera do not stand in any exact successional relationship. Patriofelts cannot be derived from Oxyena, nor from Palewonictis or Ambloc- tonus but from some intermediate type agreeing with the last named genus in the premolars and zygomatic arches and with the first named in the molar teeth. Paleonictis and Ambloctonus are very closely allied but ap- pear to be divergent or at all events distinct lines of specialization. Oxyena is represented by a series of species in which the shear is progressively perfected and concentrated on mz, premolars and molars showing a marked analogy to those of the Felidae. The short head, deep arches, very short deep jaw, massive premolars, robust and much worn shearing teeth of Patriofelis and Paleonictis and Ambloctonus are analogous to the Hyznide, but not so closely. The smaller Oxyzenids, Limnocyon and its allies, offer a broad analogy to the Viverride; and just as the Felide and Hyznide are structurally derivable from the Viverride, so are the larger and more specialized Oxyeenide structural derivatives of the Limnocyon group. Of the two genera which represent this last group in the Lower Eocene, one, Prolimnocyon, has the most primitive dentition of any Oxyeenid; the other Dipsalidictis, with the dentition of Limnocyon, has the primitive foot- structure of Oxyena. But Oxyena itself occurs in the Clark Fork horizon along with Dipsalidictis, so that the common ancestry of the genera was well down in the Paleocene.! Each genus includes one or more phyla of true genetic descent, so far as one may judge from the evidence.
1 But the ancestral types have not been found, or at all events have not been recognized in the Puerco and Torrejon faunz, and hence the family Oxyeenidee must be regarded as an immigrant group appearing in North America at the close of the Paleocene.
46 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Key to Genera of Oxyenide.
A. Two subequal shearing molars, m; and m3; p= without internal cusp or root; m? transverse, unreduced.
1 VES pirement, Cael OF PRRBIAN a cous vise bee re eee Prolimnocyon.
2. M8 absent, astragalar trochlea flat.............0...0.00 00. Dipsalidictis.
3. M$ absent, astragalar toa ok BPORVOR od 6 Thinocyon, Limnocyon. B. M2 as large or larger than m,; p® with internal root and usually cusp.
4, M2 transverse; mp, with distinct metaconid and heel.......... Oxyena.
5. M2 absent; m». with vestigial metaconid and heel............. Patriofelis. C. My smaller than m; p® with internal cusp.
6. M2 small, not transverse; metaconid on mg............... Paleonictis.
7. M2 small, transverse; no metaconid on mg............. Ambloctonus.
Oxyena Cope 1874.'
Type, O. lupina from Wasatch of New Mexico.
The types of the three species described by Cope are from New Mexico, where the genus is fairly common. A number of topotypes obtained by Mr. Granger in 1912-13 serve to check the validity of these species and to compare them with the more numerous and better preserved specimens secured in the Big Horn Valley. The genus occurs also in the Lost Cabin stage represented by more progressive and larger species, and in the Clark Fork and Sand Coulée horizons is represented by more primitive species.
The progressive characters of Oxyena are toward a higher predaceous specialization. The carnassial teeth mz develop a more perfect shear on the trigon and the metaconid and heel of m, tend to disappearance. The earlier species are more like Limnocyon and Paleonictis in various respects, and the divergence between the three phyla becomes emphasized later on. The geological horizon of the species of Oxyena from first to last is in exact accord with their progressiveness.
Key to Species of Oxyena. i M, = Ms A. ‘Trigonid of m, broader than long, heel large. BR OR YE REGS re fMRI E AE: Bee WA OREN BP ONT O. equidens. II. My, smaller than mg, B. ‘Trigonid of m, slightly broader than long, heel large.
2. 7a ems, nie wenhO “anti i. Selsey Sane et O. transiens. C. Trigonid of m; somewhat longer than broad, heel moderate.
3. Size small medium, pi-m, = 65-70... 0.2... cee eee O. gulo.
4. Sizeclarge, pi-Ms = BO-85° mm... ee ek de ek O. forcipata.
D. Trigonid of mz considerably longer than broad, heel small. 5. Size medium 6. Size largest. Molar teeth insufficiently known
1 Cope, 1874, Rep. Vert. Fors. New Mex., p. ak
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. AT
The geologic level of these species is as follows:
Wyoming | New Mexico Lost Cabin — O. pardalis Go cuciram aRaMEN eer on) a MARES TEE IIE 2 fee jincits. v <A dm: Julissa om aR O. lupina Largo Lysite O. forcipata? Piinagce nao allot th See
| ; | O. forei ? } Gray Bull O. forcipata, O. gulo. gee Ae ek Sand Coulée QO. transiens Clark Fork O. equidens, O. sp. in-
nom.
?Oxyena sp. innom.
To this genus should perhaps be referred No. 16068, fragmentary upper jaws, etc., from the Clark Fork horizon. The teeth differ from those of O. forcipata in greater transverse extension of p* and approach Paleonactis in cusp construction. The specimen is too fragmentary for positive reference, but is evidently a larger animal than either O. forcepata or P. occidentalis. The canines are extremely robust, and much larger than in Oxyena and the reference to this genus is very questionable.
Oxyena equidens sp. nov.
Type, No. 16070, lower teeth of one individual from Clark Fork beds of Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming. é
Distinctive characters: Trigonids of lower molars wider than long; m1-2 subequal . in size; heels relatively large; ps very robust with minute anterior basal cusp; canine robust with massive root. Size about that of O. gulo.
Oxyzna transiens sp. nov.
Type, No. 16118, upper and lower jaws from the Sand Coulée horizon, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming. |
Distinctive characters: (1) trigonids of lower molars wider than long; (2) my smaller than m2; (3) premolars less robust than in equidens, canine less massive; (4) metastyle of upper carnassial less extended than in any of the later species; (5) deuterocone of p4 without posterior flange; (6) p* with internal root but no distinct internal cusp (deuterocone).
Characters 1, 4, 5, and 6 are distinctive from all the later species and in agreement with observed or inferential characters of O. equidens; nos. 2 and 3 distinguish it from that species and are in accord with the later species. |
Size smaller than O..gulo.
AS Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
No. 16179 from a somewhat higher level in the Gray Bull beds of Clark Fork Basin agrees fairly well with the type but the size is somewhat larger, the lower molars more nearly equal, and p* has the posterior flange of the deuterocone more developed. It appears to be transitional to O. gulo.
Fig. 42. Fig. 41. Oxyena equidens, lower teeth, psa—-me, crown and outer views, natural size. Type specimen, Clark Fork beds, Clark Fork Basin.
Fig. 42, Ozxyena transiens, upper jaw of type specimen, natural size, occlusal and outer views. Sand Coulée beds, Clark Fork Basin. ;
FY
‘Fig. 43. Ozxyena transiens, lower jaw, outer and occlusal views, natural size. Type specimen, Sand Coulée beds, Clark Fork Basin.
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 49
Oxyena lupina Cope 1874.
Oxyena lupina Corr 1874, Rep. Vert. Foss. New Mex., p. 11; 1875, Syst. Cat. Koc. Vert. New Mex., p. 123; 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex., p. 101, pl. xxxiv, figs. 14—- al; Dit meev, fies. oe
Syn., Oxyena huerfanensis OSBORN 1897, Bull. A. M.N. ise Vol TX, pe 255:
Oxyena morsitans Cope 1874, l. c.
Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1049, upper and lower teeth and a few skeleton frag- ments, from Wasatch of New Mexico. Figured in 1877, l. c., pl. xxxiv, figs. 14-30.
Distinctive characters: (1) trigonids of lower molars longer than wide, metaconid and heel of my much reduced; (2) m; smaller than m, (in all specimens with the doubt- ful exception of the type); (8) premolars moderately compressed, anterior basal cusp of ps well developed; canines moderately long; (4) metastyle of upper carnassial much elongate and m? reduced in size; (5) deuterocone of p* with posterior flange; (6) p? with distinct internal root.
The large amount of additional material for comparison, including topotypes from the New Mexican Wasatch shows that this species is dis- tinct and decidedly more progressive than the Big Horn specimens which have been referred to it by Osborn and Wortman. The metaconid and heel of mz are much smaller, the shear more anteroposterior, the metastyle of m! more extended, and m? evidently more reduced. O. huerfanensis agrees with the type of O. lupina, although not with the incorrectly referred Big Horn specimens with which Osborn’s comparisons were made.
Nos. 16219, 16755 and 16216, lower jaws from the New Mexican Wasatch, agree with O. lupina, except for slightly smaller size. ‘The two former are from the upper faunal zone, the third from the top of the lower zone. A fourth specimen, No. 16218, consisting of milk and unworn permanent teeth and other fragments is more doubtfully referable; it is from the lower
beds.
Oxyena forcipata Cope 1874.
Oxyena forcipata Copz, 1874, Rep. Vert. Foss. New Mex., p. 12; 1875, Syst. Cat. Vert. Soc. New Mex.,.p. 105, pl. xxxvi, xxxv, figs. 7-12, xxxvil, figs. 1-5; 1885, Tert. Vert., p. 318, pl. xxxivb, xxive. Ossorn, 1892, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 109.
Oxyena lupina OsBorn, 1892, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 108, fig. 9; Wort- _ MAN; 1899, ibid., Vol. XII, p. 140, pl. vii and text figs. 1 and 2; Osporn, 1900, ibid., Vol. XU, ps 276, pl xvi.
Not O. lupina of Cope.
Type, U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 1029, lower jaws from the Wasatch of New Mexico.
Distinctive characters: (1) trigonids of lower molars about as long as wide, meta- conid and heel of mz moderately large; (2) mi smaller than m2; (3) premolars more robust than in lupina, less than in equidens, ps with distinct anterior basal cusp; (4) upper molars relatively larger than in lupina, carnassial metastyle less elongate;
[Vol. XXXIV,
Bulletin American Museum of Natural: History.
50
‘spoq OS1Ie'T ‘61Z9T ‘ON ‘od4Q0d0],
‘OOIXOP MON ‘UISVG UNL Ueg ‘UOMeULIOS yOVeESe MA ‘oZIS [BAN{VU ‘Y}00} JO MOIA UMOIO PUL MOTA J9INO ‘MeL JOMOT ‘DUIdN? DUMAZQ “PF “BIT
D |
il ( | \
/ us O
1915.] Matthew and Granger,-Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. BE
(5) deuterocone of p* with heavy posterior flange; (6) inner cusp of p? more prominent than in lupina; (7) size larger than lupina, teeth more robust throughout, jaw deeper and more massive.
To this species are referred the larger specimens from the Gray Bull horizon in the Big Horn Basin, including the mounted skeleton described by
Fig. 45. Ozxyena forcipata, upper jaw, outer and occlusal view, natural size. From No. 15183, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Wortman as O. lupina. Cope referred to O. forcipata, all the Big Horn Basin specimens in his collection, including parts of this same skeleton; our additional material confirms the reference. In addition to the skeleton
[Vol. XXXIV,
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
52
‘UISeg UIOY Sig ‘spoq [ing AV1H JOMO'T ‘E8IST ‘ON
‘OZIS [BINjeU ‘SMOIA JOLIadns pue [euso}xe ‘Mel JOMOT ‘0JDdt9L0f DuMAxOC
‘OF “SL
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 5a)
A. M. No. 107, there is a considerable series of well preserved lower jaws, some of them associated with upper jaws, and a few with parts of the skeleton; and a larger number of fragmentary specimens. These vary con-
siderably in size, in robustness of teeth and depth of jaw and various other characters.
Oxyena gulo sp. nov.
Type, No. 15199, upper and lower jaws; paratypes, Nos. 15725, upper and lower jaws, 15193, 15722, lower jaws. All from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Wasatch.
N Wines ae
ee ge
Fig. 47. Oxyena gulo, upper jaw of type specimen, crown and outer views, natural size.. Lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Distinctive characters: (1) trigonids of lower molars about as long as wide, meta- conids and heel of mz moderately large; (2) mi smaller than mz (8) premolars moder- ately robust sometimes crowded and set transversely, ps with high protoconid and no anterior basal cusp; (4) m! wide transversely, metastyle little extended, m? trans-
[Vol. XXXIV,
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
o4
| ‘uIsegq UIOF SIg ‘Sspeq [ING AVIH ‘“E6IGT ‘ON Wood porojsol Apjaed 4409 rejour ‘uettoeds odA} 049 WOlg ‘ozs [Vinjeu ‘Y}9009 JO MOIA UMOJIO pues ‘MOTA JojNO ‘Mel JOMOT ‘07N6 DUBAEQ “SF “SULT
be aN ff! ‘ ji i
- i
oh
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 5d
versely wide; (5) slight internal flange on deuterocone of p‘; (6) p? with no internal cusp; (7) size smaller than O. forcipata, averaging less than lupina, considerably larger than transiens.
This species is about as common as O. forcipata in the Big Horn Wasatch, and is readily distinguished from it in the characters, 3 to 7, cited above. It is larger and somewhat more progressive than O. transiens which appears to be ancestral. One or more of the specimens from New Mexico referred by Cope to O. morsitans may belong to this species but the type of Cope’s species is clearly distinguished by the smaller metaconid and heel on the molars. ,
Measurements. 16199 16726 15193 Upper teeth, im? 87.5 ; 3 cm? 2. 81 ‘‘ premolars p'—p* 41.5 42 ‘* molars m!-* ys (eee 23 Diameters of p* a-—pxtr 14.5 X 13.5 15 X 14 “i m! zy 14 x 14 16,5 *< 1625 (5 66 m2 (a Lower teeth, Ci—-M2 80 88 ‘premolars pi—ps B10 40.5 ‘* molars M2 28.5 2040 M, anteroposterior 17 15.5 ‘* transverse 11 9 ‘“‘ length of heel DO 5
Oxyena pardalis sp. nov.
Type, A. M. No. 15607, anterior portion of lower Jaws with a large part of the skeleton, from the Lost Cabin Horizon, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. Paratype, No. 15608, lower teeth from Lysite beds of Big Horn Basin, Wyo.
Distinctive characters: (1) trigonids of lower molars longer than wide, metaconid of m vestigial and heel much reduced; (2) m: smaller than mi; (3) premolars moder- ately robust, ps with distinct anterior basal cusp and exceptionally broad heel, canines more massive than O. forcipata; (7) size larger than O. forcipata, much larger than O. lupina.
The skeleton parts of the type of O. pardalis are in close agreement with Oxyena forcipata. The limb bones, feet and many of the vertebre are very well preserved, much more perfect and complete than in the skeleton of O. forcipata from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Basin described by Cope,! Osborn,” and Wortman.’
1 Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 318, pl. xxivb, xxive. a 2°Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 108, fig. 9; ibid., Vol. XIII, p. 276, pl. xviii. 3 ibid., Vol. XII, p. 140, pl. vii.
56. : Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
The specimen consists of complete pelvis, hind limbs and feet, lumbar and caudal vertebrae, fragments of the fore limbs and parts of fore feet, anterior part of lower jaws, fragments of upper teeth and lower molars. With this individual were associ- ated parts of hind limbs of two other individuals of the same species, a jaw and a few frag- ments of skeleton of Sinopa.
The scaphoid, centrale, mag- num, unciform, trapezoid, trape- zium cuneiform and pisiform are preserved in the carpus. The centrale lies beneath the scaphoid, completely separating the trape- zoid from it; dorsally the centrale projects beneath the lunar as well. The articulation between centrale and scaphoid is rugose, foreshad- owing the union of these two bones; the lunar-scaphoid facet is
. also but less clearly of the same
Fig. 49. Ozxyena pardalis, lower teeth, p4—me character. The unciform is about inner, crown and outer views, natural size. No. ; : .
15608, Lysite beds, Big Horn Basin. the same in height as in breadth,
and has.a broad lunar articula- tion, not distinct from that for the cuneiform except dorsally. The magnum is small, with narrow proximal keel, small dorsal surface. The trapezium is large, with a proximal internal peg extending beneath the trapezoid; its facet for me.I is large, but nearly flat. -
The femur has a third trochanter, rather obscure; the shaft is bowed outwardly, considerably flattened and ridged on the external border both above and below the trochanter. The tibia is one-fifth shorter than the femur, the cnemial crest is very slight, the internal malleolus thick and massive, the trochlea nearly flat and very oblique.
The astragalus has a broad, nearly flat trochlea, the inner crest obscure, the outer crest a sharp ridge with a solid angle of 90° separating the trochlea from the fibular facet. The fore and aft motion of the tibia on the astraga- lus is quite narrowly limited by the astragalar foramen behind, and the neck of the astragalus in front. At the front of the trochlea the facet is sharply curved upwards to receive the front of the tibia in flexion, and on the inner slope of the neck is a well defined facet for the internal malleolus n flexion. The neck is very oblique, the head broad and flat. The navicu ar is wide,
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 57
and. of little height. The mesocuneiform is somewhat oblique but lacks the extreme obliquity of Vulpavus; the entocuneiform is deep, high and not wide, the first digit has a slightly saddle-shaped facet, but does not seem to have been at all opposable.
The symmetry of the digits is not fully mesaxonic; mt.V is intermediate in length between mt. IV and I. The metapodials are rather short and spreading; the proximal and median phalanges are much broader than in Miacidee, somewhat asymmetric but not excavated. The ungual phalanges are strongly curved, uncompressed, and rather deeply fissured at the tips.
The lumbar, posterior dorsal and anterior caudal vertebrae have deeply concave zygapophyses. The pelvis is moderately expanded above the iliac bar; the ischium is long and broad with the spine expanded into a — considerable plate. The sacrum appears to consist of but two codssified vertebree, the third in this young individual being still separate, although of. sacral type. |
Palzonictis.
A number of upper and lower jaws of this genus were obtained in the Big Horn Wasatch, and a few skeletal fragments, but nothing to supply much information as to the skeleton, and nothing as good as the fine specimen of P. occidentalis obtained by Wortman in 1891 and described in the Museum Bulletin in 1892. As shown clearly in the 1891 specimen the second lower molar of Paleonictis is a reduced copy of the first, with tricusped trigonid, and fairly large basin heel. ‘The second upper molar 1 is a small rounded one-rooted tooth, not transverse.
The species of Palewonictis and Ambloctonus are readily distinguished from those of Oxyena by the more massive premolars, transverse width of upper p*, m! with higher and more pointed cusps but less perfect shear, the smaller trigonid and larger heel of m; and reduction of mZ. M! is developed as a carnassial as in Oxyena, but to a less extent. In this feature lies an obvious reason for associating these genera with Oxysenidee and not with the Eucreodine group. While in Paleonictis the second upper molar is ves- tigial, in Ambloctonus it is transverse, and in other respects this genus une : the better known Paleonictis to Oxyena.
? Paleonictis sp.
To Palewonictis may be referred with much hesitation a specimen from the Gray Bull beds, No. 15217, consisting of the greater part of the hind foot, three caudal vertebree and a few other fragments. It is of larger size
58 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
than would be indicated by the associated fragments with the closely related genus Ambloctonus, not much smaller than Patriofelis. Both astragali are present, and compare with the Bridger and Washakie species of Limnocyon. The trochlea is distinctly grooved, narrower transversely and more concave and elongate antero-posteriorly than in Oxyena, Patriofelis or Dipsalidictis; the neck is rather short and the head wide but of considerable depth towards its external side. The calcaneum is not preserved; the navicular is broad and of little height but considerable dorso-ventral depth with a heavy inferior hook projecting beneath the cuneiforms. The mesocuneiform is small, much like that of Oxyena; the entocuneiform deep dorso-ventrally, with heavy inferior hook, large navicular facet and deep facet for mt. I. Of the metatarsals mt. IJJ—V of the right side are complete, III and IV of nearly equal length, V one-fifth shorter, and somewhat stouter in shaft. They are of moderate length, comparable to Oxyena in proportions, although much larger. The phalanges are much longer than in Oxyena, their combined length one fourth greater than that of the metatarsal while in Oxyena the metatarsal is as long as the three phalanges, and in Patriofelis it is longer. The second phalanx is not flattened as in Oxyena; the ungual is larger, longer, less curved, somewhat more compressed, and with a deep but narrow fissure.
Three vertebree from the middle caudal region indicate a long, heavy tail.
This specimen belongs to the Pseudocreodi as indicated by the fissured unguals, not flattened as in Mesonychide. It is very clearly distinguished from Oxyena and Patriofelis, and approximates Limnocyon in the proportions of the phalanges. There is no known Lower Eocene Creodont to which it could belong except Paleonictis, and its ascription to any known species of that genus involves wide difference from Ambloctonus in size of skeleton relative to skull. If not Paleonictis it is an otherwise unknown Oxyenid or less probably an unknown Hyzenodont.
Paleonictis occidentalis Osborn.
Paleonictis occidentalis OsBorNn 1892, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 104, pl. iv.
Type, No. 110, front of skull and lower jaws from the Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: Premolars ¢ m2 small, rounded; m2 with strong metaconid, and small basin heel.
The last mentioned character distinguishes the species from P. gigantea of the Suessonian.
To this species I refer a number of upper and lower jaws, Nos. £5211, 15213-6, 16178, from the Systemodon zone of the Big Horn Wasatch. The genus has not been found in New Mexico nor later than this zone.
1915.]| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 59
Ambloctonus Cope 1875.
Generic characters: Premolars and m! very like Paleonictis; m2 small, two-rooted transverse; mz with no metaconid. Heel of m: progressively trenchant; heel of mz progressively reduced. Zygomata wide and deep, as in Palwonictis and Patriofelis.
Although not observed by either Cope or Wortman there is no doubt of the presence in the type of A. sinosus of a small transverse molar behind
NN
‘aes 7
= aS
Fig. 50. Ambloctonus, lower jaws; above, A. priscus, permanent dentition, outer view, below A. hyenoides, milk premolars and mi-2, outer view and crown view of teeth. All natural size. .
60 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History: [Vol. XXXIV,
m~. Cope misinterpreted the upper teeth, an error corrected by Wortman in 1892. The genus is nearly allied to Paleonictis, distinguished by the more shearing type of the posterior teeth. Two species are represented in our collection, one from the Clark Fork and lower Gray Bull levels, decidedly more primitive, the other from the Lysite or Lost Cabin, distinctly more progressive than the type species.
The transverse m= is preserved in the more primitive species. The tooth may have been absent in the more progressive A. hyenoides.
Ambloctonus priscus sp. nov.
Type, No. 15212, fragmentary skull and jaws, etc., from the Gray Bull horizon three miles north of Otto in the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. Paratypes Nos. 16116, 16117, upper and lower jaws from Clark Fork horizon, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Specific characters: Smaller than A. sinosus, teeth less robust, heel of ms much less reduced, with three cusps enclosing a basin.
The type is a young individual with unworn teeth, and m? not yet erupted. No. 16116 supplies the characters of this tooth.
Fig. 51. Ambloctonus priscus, upper teeth, type specimen, natural size, external and crown views.
There are four lower premolars, much crowded, the first one-rooted, the others two-rooted; pz is set obliquely in the jaw. Py has two postero- internal cingular cusps, absent in Paleonictis, but is otherwise like that
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. Gi.
genus, as are the other premolars in number and form. M, is constructed as in Paleonictis occidentalis, but the heel is higher. Me differs in the absence of metaconid, but is quite as large as in P. occidentalis. The upper teeth compare closely with that species except for m? which in the type is buried in the jaw but in No. 16116 is a small transverse two-rooted tooth with a moderately large parastyle, little extended, a strong paracone, vestigial metacone, and compressed transversely trenchant protocone. ‘The zygomatic arches are deep, wide and short, the sagittal crest thick and low.
Fragments of the humerus and ulna indicate a construction similar to Oxyena but shorter and thicker proportions, and a relatively larger head.
Ambloctonus sinosus Cope 1875.
Ambloctonus sinosus Cork 1875, Syst. Cat. Vert. Eoc. New Mex., p. 7 (Apr. 17); 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex. Rep. U.S. G. 8S. 100th Mer., p. 91, pl. xxxiii; OsBporn & WortTMAN, 1892, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IV, p. 106, fig. 8.
Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 2329, fragmentary upper and lower jaws and a few fragments of skeleton.
A careful examination of the type specimen shows two small transversely set alveoli behind:m*, indicating a small transverse m~. The second lower molar has no metaconid, but the heel is a distinct high-pointed cusp with a heavy cingulum internal to it.
The second specimen referred by Cope to “a sinosus is considerably larger than the type, and the second molar appears to have no heel. I have therefore transferred it to A. hyenoides.
Ambloctonus hyznoides sp. nov.
Type, No. 16215, a lower jaw with dp3_4 and m,_2. from the upper horizon of the New Mexican Wasatch. Paratype, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 5377, lower jaw with ps-m, considerably worn, from the Wasatch of New Mexico. No. 16853, jaw fragment with dp.-m; from Lost Cabin horizon at head of Whistle Creek, Big Horn Basin, is also
referred here. Specific characters: About one seventh larger than A. sinosus; m2 without heel.
The molar teeth in the type are unworn, and show the peculiar con- struction very well. The three cusps of the trigonid on m; arg united by a sharp curving crest, the high hypoconid is also developed as a curved crest, a small crest projecting towards it from the metaconid separated by a narrow cleft and the inner heel cusp has disappeared. The tooth is essentially composed of two crescents concave inwardly. The second molar is com-
62 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
posed of but two cusps, pa? and pr’, which form a high crescent like that of the trigonid of m:, differing in the absence of metaconid and heel. A strong internal and posterointernal cingulum is the only trace left of the heel.
G
SAS
Fig. 52.
Fig. 52. Ambloctonus hyenoides, lower jaw, outer view, and crown and inner views of teeth, dps-s, mi-2, natural size. Type specimen, upper (Largo) horizon, Wasatch formation, San Juan Basin.
Fig. 53. Ambloctonus hyenoides, jaw fragment from the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming,
Lost Cabin beds. Natural size, external view and crown view of last milk molar and first true molar. -
The paratype shows that the shearing action on m, was imperfect; mp in spite of its smaller size, appears to be the real carnassial or principal shearing tooth, as m! certainly is in the upper jaw. The cusp-construction of m3, similar in many respects to that of . of the hyzena, together with
the large robust crowded premolars, suggest the specific name.
Ambloctonus coloradensis (Matthew 1909).
Patriofelis ulta Osporn 1897, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. IX, p. 256; 1900, zbid., Volo XU, p-278, fie. 8.
Patriofelis coloradensis Marrurw 1909, Bull. U.S. G. S., 361, p. 96; Mem. A.M. N. H., Vel. Vi, p. 482.
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 63
Type, A. M. No. 2691, lower jaws, from the upper beds, “Bridger” of the Huer- fano Basin.
A reéxamination of this specimen suggests that its affinities are close with A. stnosus. It is somewhat smaller and less robust, and is recorded as from a later level, associated with Ttllotherium. For these reasons it is better retained for the present as a distinct species.
Patriofelis (Protopsalis).
Protopsalts is transitional from Oxyena to Patriofelis proper, but is in all respects more like the Bridger genus, despite its retention of a small heel on my. It has not usually been considered as deserving of generic separation.
Patriofelis tigrinus (Cope 1880).
Protopsalis tigrinus Cope 1880, Amer. Nat., Vol. XIV, p. 745; 1885, Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 322, pl. xxvb, figs. 1-7; (Patriofelis) WorRTMAN 1894, Bull. A. M.N.H., Vol. VI, p. 180; Ossorn, 1900, tbid., Vol. XIII, p. 278, fig. 7.
_ Type, A. M. No. 4805, part of lower jaw and a few fragments of skeleton, from the Lost Cabin horizon in the Wind River Basin, Wyoming.
Two fragmentary specimens from the same horizon as the type, Nos. 14778-9, were secured by the Expedition of 1909 in the Wind River basin. As in the type, the second lower molar has a vestigial metaconid, and small but distinct heel. P, is massive, with strong anterior cusp and broad heel cusp, P* has a strong anteroexternal cusp and the deuterocone is less extended inwardly than in Oxyena. In all these features the teeth agree with Patriofelis.
Dipsalidictis gen. nov.
Type, D. platypus, infra.
Generic Distinctions: deuterocone on p* only; m? transverse, unreduced, m absent; m, and m, subequal, tuberculosectorial with large basin heels, m; absent; P; one-rooted; antero-external cusp of p* prominent; no fibulo-calcanear facet; astragalus with flat wide trochlea, limited anteroposteriorly, inner crest not defined, neck short, head wide and flat, not deep.
This genus has the dentition much as in Limnocyon; but the tarsus 1s more platyarthran than in Oxyena or Patriofelis, much more than in Lim- nocyon. The dentition differs from that of Limnocyon only in the one- rooted first premolar and distinct protostyle, and except for the very marked
64 3 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
difference in the tarsus, I should not be disposed to separate it from that genus. It may prove to be an ancestral stage of Limnocyon but as the evidence stands at present this is doubtful. The single species 1s known only from the Clark Fork beds; in the later horizons of the Lower Eocene no
- -~-- -_— _ -
Wo. /S E887 A. fT.
No. /5857 yaa
('
(Nt \“S v ‘one a4 ‘ a 4 : X Ses pO ob aN N= ae a ae
My CE eo a Q pe SS \ \ \ NY So cc ee es =
Fig. 55.
Fig. 54. Dipsalidictis platypus, upper jaws of type, palatal view, natural size. Clark Fork beds.
9 J f Dp 9 2
intermediate forms are known to occur while Prolimnocyon is fairly common.
Which if either of these genera should be regarded as more directly ancestral to Limnocyon and Thinocyon, is not clear.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 65
Dipsalidictis platypus sp. nov.
Type, No. 15857, upper and lower jaws and considerable part of skeleton from Clark Fork beds, 3 miles north of Ralston, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. :
Sse aint
2S TOSS
SSA
——
gs
eee ae ~S
Cae a
Fig. 56. Dipsalidictis platypus, limb and footbones of type skeleton, natural size; anterior views of femur, humerus, ulna, radius; head of radius; dorsal and distal views of scaphoid; dorsal view of calcaneum; superior and inferior views of astragalus. Clark Fork
beds, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
66 : Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. ME XKLV,
The jaws are somewhat fragmentary, the teeth considerably worn and many of them missing or broken; a few fragments of the cranium, a number of broken vertebree, most of the limb-bones, both scaphoids and cuneiforms, the astragalus and calcaneum, and various fragments of other parts are preserved.
The skull fragments show a prominent preglenoid crest oe in Lim- nocyon, present in Oxyena), postglenoid foramen as usual in Creodonts, rather high sagittal crest, as in Lemnocyon.
The limb bones are nearly equal in length to those of L. verus but much slenderer. The distal roll of the humerus is more obliquely set, the shaft is more slender, the deltoid crest less heavy and ends somewhat more ab- ruptly. ‘The head of the radius is round-oval instead of flattened oval as in L. verus. ‘The distal end of the radius is wider, not so deep (dorsoventrally) and the shaft less curved and much more slender. The distal end of the ulna is more expanded, the shaft thinner, the olecranon shorter. The femur is much lighter in the shaft, patellar trochlea somewhat shorter, condyles not so deep or heavy. ‘Tibia and fibula have more slender shafts, distal end of fibula less massive, and lacking calcanear facet; distal trochlea of tibia much more oblique.
The astragalus has a singularly primitive aspect, with shallow body, flattened trochlea short and wide and with no internal crest, and the very obliquely set wide flat head. The caleaneum is much straighter than in Limnocyon, the peroneal tubercle less prominent, fibular facet wholly absent, cuboid facet less oblique.
The scaphoid has the proximal facet extended over the entire superior surface making a sharp crest with the centrale and trapezium facets (the trapezoid probably barely touches the scaphoid). The hook of the scaphoid is not at all prominent. The cuneiform is of comparatively small height, the hook small. The pisiform has a long neck, head little expanded.
The data indicate a wide, low carpus and tarsus, primitive plantigrade feet, with limited motion in the proximal joint (tarso-crural, carpo-ante-
brachial).
Measurements of Type.
TOOT Cer ii ee ies ae 54.2 se re PIN aie as teeta Sead Ccchay Mean Onl aw cute yi eae ae Ug Oh TM 18 ae - Do OOO ee re er 9.1 is NANETTE ks VAIS OA Aa ee Seo PG dk Coe CR ea ue ~ My» eR ouch ati 1 i aa, Leet meng ea : . POE VNU te doee ui i a he a ee eee al .4 DETER ois ht neat he es Ce 2 aa aah a Lc oe HE dipipeters dare tre Pe EG ae tye hele es io St 4,2
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 67
P* diameters: (arn ai eke ee ieee ee es re ee 10.4 X 8.9 M} o . Ravoh Peace ta SPs i) We SOONG N a NER M oa tog eae many 9.09.8 M2 by aac teen tcte HEUTE NSS RN en GENE NT MSN iT eee ad wens ee Phone SP 4.6xX9.9 ie % a Daa Mac cee Raheny Nal Cech al A ae Ge waned aed OM cerca we tent Sy 6.0.55 Jaw; leneth, canine te cConayie 2 oe i ee ae ee 91.5 ‘. - depth peBealy Baers cee ee Ge ieee thee = Ae eae ie eee aes
i 6 eG yaa Wat Fae OG eae EY te ae Ea et ea th 19.7 Humerus, lentes oo a agi ahaa eat a eae ren eters eet a 92.5 ciaimneter Of Promina EN ie Oe ea en ea aes 21.0
. ciaimeters o1mniddle oF shart ci ia a rn 14.1% 7.38
iy Wit Gea ee ee Se ae a eee oe leas 25.2 Ulnia, ere ess eee er ace ee ee gee ae A Rael oe 92.9 ‘< gSiameters-ai mid Sheets cect ee ae ie Wa as ee a eae Br. ENT: MMe Toh acter decent 1 Mankingmteninmitaearaebed te taer they neater edi Lisp trerten a a Uitristnay wh er aN gor ga 10.7 ‘length of olecranon from upper border of radial facet................. 24.2 Rading, tenes ee ee ane OU GMa CO eked MAE re, 68.0 tc” ” -Ghamneters OF ore ren ea es es eda en Saati 11.0 X 7.8
- “ ee cs ci ir cd act agen G5 NOME aa ar Reh ete ee OO OC ord
i SE BT oo es ee ee suber ae 13.0 X 8.6 Femi, eng ticc ie ck does pabvose coer aa pe ae ng ee sei Aa ee aga 100.9 (S. Udiemneter oh dep dhe: Sota wi 0st Siena Oe OMe are et niece 11.8
‘6. ayeemprmmetna Orr) Oe SYS ge tw os Sere eer gee 26.0 Astragalus, diameters of body..... Shi ete ee aI sie eee we ee 14.3 xX 10.8 - ee ERE Me oo, GMO edae Saran Mant RMON ARQ PE RD van sec meine asie a enaue Uae Rouges
re inmate a en ee RCA ee ts he Se en te 10.4 X 4.5
e diameters of tibial facet oe asa a Se ee 8 OT Calcaneutn, donee) obs, 5 do hcopoutacinatas (ats again ap he in ae Ee 2 hed
Prolimnocyon gen. nov.
Generic characters: This genus differs from all previously known Oxyznide in retaining a small or vestigial mz. Unlike the Hyzenodonts the second upper molar is transverse, the carnassials being m}; m3 are quitesmall. The Oxyznid characters are also shown in the thick, heavy jaw with solid symphysis, and in the broad, low occiput with wide and rather short basicranial region.
The genus is represented by at least two species in the Gray Bull horizon of the Wasatch, of small size, comparing with Thinocyon of the Bridger. The small last molar varies in proportionate size, but in all of them it is much smaller than ms, two-rooted, with high protoconid, small paraconid, small or no metaconid, and rather long compressed basin heel. A more progressive species is found in the Lost Cabin beds.
Key to Species of Prolimnocyon.
M,.; = 14-16. Ms small, two-rooted, metaconid usually distinct .:.....4 . P. atavus. M,_3 = 21. Ms larger, two-rooted, no metaconid, jaw deep........... P. robustus. Miss-se, Lees Fe Tete try ROR e ROMA ae oe ran ak ae OND CORRE ee err pone P. antiquus.
68 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Prolimnocyon atavus sp. nov.
Type, No. 16816, part of lower jaw and fragments of skeleton from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Wasatch. Nos. 16815-8, 15165-15172, 15720 and a number of other specimens from the same horizon and locality, are referable to the species. No. 16111, a jaw fragment from the lower Sand Coulée horizon in Clark Fork Basin, is smaller and perhaps a primitive mutant.
Noa, /68/6 ra ON ae
Rie. 57. Fig. 58.
Fig. 57. Prolimnocyon, lower jaws, natural size, from Gray Bull beds of Big Horn Basin. Upper figure is No. 15168, type of P. robustus; the two lower Nos. 15166, 15172, referred to P. atavus, but doubtfully cospecific.
Fig. 58. Prolimnocyon atavus, part of lower jaw with mi_s inner, superior and outer views, enlarged to two diameters, with outline of natural size. From the type specimen No 16816, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin, ,
The molar and premolar teeth are much asin Thinocyon. Pi has a strong anterior basal cusp, the anterior premolars are rather short and high; P2 has
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 69
roots connate. The heels of the molars are also like those of Thinocyon, compressed, narrow and bordered by two subequal crests. In most species of Sinopa the heels are relatively broader and usually larger; but I can find no constant generic distinctions in the construction of the molars.
Upper and lower teeth of the same individual are preserved in Nos. 15240 and 15246, and No. 15171, a crushed and imperfect skull, shows the upper teeth and a few cranial characters of interest. The remainder of the speci-
es / , w\ ‘ cw ) ; No. HELET \ : Mm / / Sy is / =m base ee ae : 5 Fig. 59. Fig. 60.
Fig. 59. Prolimnocyon atavus, calcaneum of type specimen, natural size, dorsal view. Fig. 60. Prolimnocyon atavus, upper teeth, from skull No. 15171, crown view, enlarged to two diameters and natural size. The outline of p‘ is taken from No. 15246. Gray Bull
beds, Big Horn Basin.
mens are all lower jaws, fragments of the skeleton being associated with the type only.
In the skull, m? is transverse, nearly as wide as m', the metacone vestigial, parastyle long and curved. Mis represented by two alveoli which indicate a tooth one-half or one-third the transverse width of m®. M1’ is much like the corresponding tooth in Sinopa, but with me and pa more closely connate. F* is 3-rooted triangular, smaller than m'; p* has also a small internal root. The skull is too poorly preserved to show many important data; the in- terorbital width is large, as in Limnocyonine, without the frontal fossa characteristic of Hyeenodonts; the occi- put is broad, and the general propor- tions agree fairly well with Thinocyon.
The sacrum is narrow, although wider than in Thinocyon; the sacral ribs are much narrower than in Sznopa or
Fig. 61. Prolimnocyon atavus, lower
£ ritemnodon. The anterior ay gapophy . jaw, outer view, natural size. No. 15169;
ses on the first sacral vertebra are nearly outlines of ps and m2_s restored from Nos. We WW? ss 15246, 16816. Gray Bull beds, Elk flat; in Thinocyon they are considerably Bone RIE Hoss tow, sone.
more concave, in 7'ritemnodon they are
about semi-cylindrical. The head of the tibia shows a low enemial crest. The caleaneum has a rather short tuber, a small fibular facet, moderate peroneal process, cuboid facet nearly as wide as it is deep, and moderately oblique.
No. 15169 Ay M4.
70 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Prolimnocyon robustus sp. nov.
A considerably larger species is indicated by a part of a lower jaw, No.
Fig. 62. Prolimnocyon robustus, lower jaw fragment, type specimen, external view with crown and inner views of teeth, all natural size. Lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
15168, from the Big Horn Basin, Gray Bull beds. The larger size, deeper jaw, less relative reduction of m3 indicate its distinctness.
Prolimnocyon antiquus sp. nov.
Type, No. 14768, lower jaw with teeth mostly broken off, from the Lost Cabin horizon in the Wind River Basin.
Distinctive Characters: Size of P. atavus or slightly larger; ms one-rooted.
Fig. 63. Prolimnocyon antiquus, lower jaw, superior and external views, natural size. Type specimen, Lost Cabin beds, Wind River Basin.
This species is represented only by the type and doubtfully by No. 2971, but the small round alveolus for ms; is so clearly distinct from anything in
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. qT
the Gray Bull horizon that I do not doubt its validity. The second speci- men shows the unworn premolars and m,, very similar in characters to those of T’hinocyon, but in absence of the posterior molars it is not- certainly determinate. )
A fourth species, which I have placed under Sinopa (S. mordax) is un- doubtedly related to this genus, and when better known may have to be transferred to it. It shows several characteristic Oxyzenid features, but m3 is only a little smaller than mz: and has a well developed metaconid. |
HYANODONTID.
Sinopa (Stypolophus) is perhaps the most abundant Creodont genus in the Lower Eocene and practically the only representative of the family at this time. ‘The more specialized 7'rztemnodon is first represented in the Lost Cabin beds by a marginal species, 7. whiti@, retaining several characters of Sinopa. The hyeenodonts of the Lower Eocene evidently approach the Oxyeenide, the two groups being derivable from a common source. ‘This is especially seen in the two-rooted pi, of several of the species, and in the heavy jaw and Limnocyon-like premolars of S. mordaz.
Sinopa Leidy.
The Lower Eocene species of this genus were revised by Matthew in 1901 chiefly on the basis of Wyoming specimens. The new collections from New Mexico and Wyoming have supplied a large series of specimens for comparison. These serve to modify the earlier conclusions in some degree. ee | | The species are for the most part not very sharply distinguished from each other or from those of the Bridger horizons.
Three new species are here described, and all but one of the described species of the Lower Eocene are validated or confirmed by reference to them of additional and more complete specimens, topotypes where possible. I must confess some doubt however, as to whether all the forms here described are entitled to specific rank on the standards used in this revision; or on the other hand whether some may not include two or more species which more complete material would show to be distinct. It is also possible that more than one genus is included. Prototomus Cope 1874, may have to be revived to include S. viverrina and probably S. ? secundaria when these species are better known. Professor Scott in his recent book appears disposed to
‘2 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
revive Stypolophus (type S. pungens) and include in it all the Lower Eocene species, limiting Sznopa to the middle Eocene. He gives no hint of reason for this procedure, nor am [| able to imagine any justification for it. The Lower Eocene species are distinguished from their successors by a number of skull and skeleton differences which might conceivably be regarded as generic, although I do not regard them as such. But the name Stypolophus could not be used for them, as its type species is middle Eocene, and closely allied to S. rapax, type of Sinopa.
Key to Species of Sinopa.
I. Heels of mi» broad-basined, equalling trigonid in diameter. Paand me of m!~2 well separated. Premolars robust with rugose enamel, p; one-rooted. A. Molar shears of similar type, heel of ms broad, me of m3 well developed. a. ‘Trigonids of molars robust, not high.
if. M3 = 295; no. Giasucma-pehind >... ......e.0... . S. major. b. Trigonids of molars of moderate height.
2. Mi-s = 26mm.; a diastema behind p............. S. grangert.
3. Mis = 28 mm.; nodiastema behind ps......... S. shoshoniensis.
4 Mig S25 tome fe a AP ee: en ae S. rapaz.
Ov: “Mass = 20mm. 7 - tae ee elea ames S. pungens.
B. Carnassials, more specialized with shear more anteroposterior; ante-
air rior molars with shears little developed. Heel of m; narrow, meta-
cone of m° vestigial. ee ee ty Re ad cots Re ics S. opisthotoma.
II. Heels of my_3 narrow-basined; trigonids high, and broader than heels. Pa and me of upper molars more connate. Premolars higher with smooth enamel, p; two-rooted, compressed.
1. Mis’ = 29 ham.; diastéma‘ behind=ps oS ae 4° S. hians. 8. Mi_3 = 25-26 mm.; no diastema behind [epee oe: S. strenua.
III. Smaller species of intermediate type, but nearer to division ii.
9. Mi_3 = 21.5 mm.; premolars more robust, symphyseal region shorter and deeper, m+ less reduced.......... S. multicuspis. 10. Mis = 20-22 mm.; premolars and molars narrower and more
compressed, symphyseal region shallow and elongate, m+ more
REMC OEE rl ear Tye AiG ones oa S. vulpecula.
11. Mis = 17 mm.; premolars with slender acute cusps, a consider- able diastema, behind py. 03.40)... (a eee S. ?secundaria.
12. Mi_3 = 18.7 mm.; heels larger than in the three preceding species. S. minor.
13. M+? = 14 mm., smaller than any preceding...... S. viverrina.
IV. Jaw heavy, symphyseal region massive, symphysis close, premolar construction approaching Limnocyonine.
14. Mis = 21 mm.; ms; somewhat reduced...........__. S. mordax.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. ie
Sinopa mordax sp. nov.
Type, No. 16157, lower jaws, from the Gray Bull horizon, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: M3 smaller than m, and slightly smaller than m2; py, with strong anterior basal cusp; canine stout with massive root; jaw thick and heavy especially at symphysis. M,_3; = 22 mm.
Fig. 64. Sinopa mordax, lower jaw, type specimen, natural size, outer view and crown view of teeth. Gray Bull beds, Clark Fork Basin.
The characters of this species show a marked approximation to the Oxyeenide, and especially to Prolimnocyon. It serves to emphasize further the near approximation of Oxyzenide and Hyznodontide in the lower stages
of the Wasatch. Sinopa opisthotoma Matthew 1901.
Sinopa opisthotoma Matruew 1901, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XIV, p. 28, fig. 9.
Type, A. M. No. 99, upper and lower jaws from the Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming, probably Gray Bull horizon.
Distinctive characters: M,_3 = 31mm.; m? and m; relatively large with shear more antero-posterior than in other species. Lower premolars without anterior basal cusps; posteroexternal cusps of upper premolars weak or absent. The enamel of premolars and molars is rugulose with anastomosing vertical ridges.
Pa. and me well separated on m! and m?, heels of mi_: broad basined; a small me on m}, heel of ms; narrow and elongate.
Thirteen specimens from the Gray Bull Wasatch of the Big Horn Basin are referable to this species. It is about as large as S. hans, but of very
distinct type. Sinopa shoshoniensis sp. nov.
Type, No. 16158, a lower jaw from the Gray Bull beds of Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming. Paratype, No. 15745, lower jaws and fragments of upper jaws, from lower
74 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. — [Vol. XXXIV,
Gray Bull Beds, Big Horm Basin. Nos. 15742, 15515, 15734, 15743, lower jaws, and three unnumbered jaws from the Shoshone River in the Big Horn Basin are referred to this species.
Distinctive characters: Slightly smaller than hians and opisthotoma. Heels of all lower molars large. Surface of enamel rugose striated vertically, canines heavily
Wo, 1/6/75 Zeid
Fig. 65. Sinopa shoshoniensis, lower jaw, type specimen, natural size, outer view and crown view of teeth. Gray Bull beds, Clark Fork Basin, Wyoming.
grooved. Premolars robust without anterior basal cusps. Heel of last lower molar broader and shear of trigonid more transverse than in opisthotoma. M2 nearly as
large as m!, p? with strong inner cusp. Posteroexternal cusps of pms small, antero- external rudimentary.
This species is nearly related to opisthotoma, but distinguished by the typical proportions of the molar shears; it is evidently allied to the typical
group of Sinopa (S. rapax, pungens and grangert) of the Middle Eocene, and may well be ancestral to it.
Sinopa strenua (Cope 1875).
Prototomus strenuus Corn, 1875, Syst. Cat. Eoc. Vert. New Mex., p. 10; (Stypo- lophus), 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex., p. 117, pl. xxxix, fig. 11; (Stnopa) Matruew 1901, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XIV, p. 26.
Sinopa hians (Cope), Marrurw 19011. c. Not Stypolophus hians of Cope.
Type, U. 8. Nat. Mus. No. 1023, lower jaws with Ps-m; r. and |., much damaged - and buried in matrix. ?
Distinctive characters: m'!— = 22 mm.; mi_3 = 24-26 mm. ; heels of molars small,
trigonids high; jaw long and slender anteriorly, pi two-rooted, pz not spaced. Enamel smooth.
A number of specimens from the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Wasatch agree fairly well with the type of S. strenua. No. 15234, anterior half of skull and lower jaws, and No. 2850 upper and lower jaws with frag-
1915.| Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 15
ments of skull and skeleton show the dentition well preserved. The species appears to be related through S. hians and T. whitie to the Tritemnodons of the Bridger formation.
Nos. 4782, 14773-5, upper and lower jaws from the Lost Cabin horizon
—
Fig. 66. Sinopa strenua, front of skull and lower jaw, natural size. No. 15234, upper Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
of the Wind River, agree in most respects with the Gray Bull specimens and with the type of the species, but are somewhat smaller and the meta- cone of m* vestigial while it is distinct in the Gray Bull form.
Fig. 67. Sinopa strenua, upper and lower dentition, crown views, natural size. From No. 15234.
Sinopa hians (Cope 1877).
Stypolophus hians Copx 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex., p. 72, pl. xxxvili, figs. 12-30; (Sinopa) Marraew 1901, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XIV, p. 25 (in part). Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1111, numerous fragments of skeleton in bad preserva-
tion.
76 : Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Distinctive characters: m!~* = 25, mis = 29 mm.; heels of molars small, trigonids high, enamel nearly smooth, jaw long anteriorly deeper and more massive than in ° S. strenua, pi two-rooted, pe spaced, p34 with distinct anterior basal cusps, molars increasing but little from m,; to m;. Posteroexternal cusps of p* and p‘ strong, antero-external cusps minute or absent. Metastyle of m! moderately extended; m? wide transversely, its antero-posterior diameter comparatively small, pr and me of equal height and rather closely connate, ps and ms subequal, extending more - externally than in other species. Parastyle of m? much extended externally, para- cone high, metacone almost vestigial.
This species is close to T. white on the one hand, to S. strenua on the other, representing an intermediate stage in character of teeth, but larger than either species. 3g
No. 16214, lower jaws and fragments of the skeleton from the top of the Almagre horizon of the New Mexican Wasatch agrees fairly well with the fragmentary jaws of the type specimen, and is taken as a topotype. No. 16821, upper and lower jaws with parts of skull and skeleton from the upper level of the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn. Wasatch, agrees with the topotype. The distinctive characters above noted are chiefly based on these two specimens, the type having no teeth preserved.
No. 12776, upper and lower jaws from the Lost Cabin beds in the Wind River Basin is also referred here.
A comparison of No. 16821 with Tritemnodon agilis shows a close agree- ment in details of skeleton construction, so far as comparison can be made, but the Wasatch species is more primitive in the following particulars.
The astragalar trochlea is less grooved, its inner crest less defined, and it is more limited posteriorly, the astragalar foramen more distinct. The head of the astragalus is wider and of somewhat less depth. The astragalo- calcanear facet is wider. The calcaneo-cuboid facet is wider; the calcaneo- fibular facet less extended backwards, the tuber calcis somewhat heavier. The astragalar facet of the tibia is somewhat flatter and more oblique, the internal malleolus has a more prominent posterior tuber and less prominent anterior crest. The third trochanter of the femur is considerably further down upon the shaft. The skull and jaws are more robustly proportioned, with a remarkably long sagittal crest great overhang to the occiput, long postorbital region and contracted brain-case. We have no good skull of I’. agilis in the collection, but S. hians differs in these skull features from: 7’. white and more markedly from Wortman’s reconstruction of I’. agilis or from Sinopa grangeri of the Bridger.
The above specified differences also separate S. hians from the Middle Kocene species of Stnopa (S. rapax, grangert). It appears therefore that the evolution of the Hyznodonts from Lower to Middle Eocene was In part parallel progressive.
v7
Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas.
1915 |
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1, femur, front view; 2, a, b, ¢, humerus, proximal, anterior and external; 3a, b, distal ends of ulna and radius, anterior and distal views; 4, calcaneum, dorsal and distal; 5a, b, astragalus, superior and distal views; 6, patella, posterior view. All natural size, from the fragmentary skeleton, No. 16821.
Fig. 70. Sinopa hians, parts of limb and foot bones.
80 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
No. /6821,;, A.M.
view. Sinopa multicuspis (Cope 1875).
Prototomus multicuspis Copn, 1875, Syst. Cat. Vert. Eoc. New Mex., p. 10; (Stypolophus), 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex., p. 116, pl. xxxix, figs. 12-14; (Sznopa), Marruew 1901, Bull. A. M.N.H., Vol. XIV, p. 27.
Type, U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1021, upper jaw, ptm’ from the New Mexican Wasatch.
Distinctive characters: M3? =19 mm.; mi3=21 mm. Jaw rather short, premolars all two-rooted, p2, spaced. Enamel smooth, molars subequal in size, heels rather small. A deuterocone on p?.
| To this species are referred a number of upper and lower jaws from the
Lost Cabin, Lysite and Gray Bull horizons, Nos. 4782, 14773-5 from Lost Cabin zone, 16819-20 from upper Gray Bull or Lysite, 15239, 16156, from Gray Bull zone. In No. 16820 numerous fragments of the skeleton are associated with the upper and lower jaws. |
Sinopa vulpecula sp. nov.
Type, No. 15606, lower jaw from Lost Cabin horizon in Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
Distinctive characters: Size of S. multicuspis, but m+ relatively small, premolars higher, more compressed, accessory cusps smaller, jaw slender and elongate anteriorly with considerable diastemata before and behind p,.
Nos. 15744, lower jaws, and 73, upper jaw fragment with m7, both from,the top of the Gray Bull beds in the Big Horn Basin supplement the
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 81
His “73: Fig. 72. Sinopa multicuspis, upper jaw, outer view, and crown view of teeth. natural size. No. 15239, lower Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin. The third molar is completed from
another individual. Fig. 73. Sinopa multicuspis. Lower jaw, outer view, and crown view of teeth, natural
size. From fragmentary skeleton No. 16820, upper Gray Bull or Lysite beds, Big Horn
Basin. Fig. 74. Sinopa ? vulpecula, upper teeth, natural size, crown view, No. 16854, Lysite
beds, Big Horn Basin.
“i, !
No. 15606, type
Fig. 75. Sinopa vulpecula, lower jaw, external view natural size. Lost Cabin horizon, Big Horn Basin. Found in association with type of Oxyena
specimen. pardalis.
Bane ; ‘ VAVAe) SS TF +
82 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
characters of the type; a number of more or less fragmentary Jaws are referable to this species, but add little or nothing to the stated characters. The species evidently belongs to the strenuwa group and 1s closely allied to S. multicusprs.
~~. _
\ A. 74. }
el
Fig. 76. Sinopa vulpecula, lower jaw, outer view, and crown view of p.—m1, natural size. No. 15744, top of Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
Sinopa secundaria (Cope 1875).
Prototomus secundarius Corr, 1875, Syst. Cat. Vert. Eoc. New Mex. ,p.9; (Sty- polophus) 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex., p. 115. Not figured.
Pipe U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1025, two fragments of lower jaw preserving the heels of ps and me, and other associated fragments of bones, from the Wasatch of New Mexico.
The type is practically indeterminate. It ap-
‘ No. /5248 pears to be smaller than S. multicuspis and vul- A. MM.
Fig. 77. Sinopact. secun. Decula. There is some evidence of a species in
daria, lower jaw fragment, the Big Horn Basin of about this size, and dis- exterral view, natural size, : . : : - 3 with molars and last two pre. “oguished by the peculiarly acute high pointed
molars more or less broken. premolars and the considerable diastema behind oe Fe ie Wd 15048 trier the upper Gray Bull, parts
of the jaws with ps-m3 more or less broken, and thes less distinctive specimens of jaws, etc., may be compared with S.
secundaria, although too fragmentary for deGnite reference.
1915.] Matthew and Granger; Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 83
Sinopa viverrina Cope 1874.
Prototomus viverrinus Cope 1874, Rep. Foss. Vert. New Mex., p18, TS8loy Syst. Cat. Vert. Hoc. New Mex., p.9; (Stypolophus) 1877, Ext. Vert. New Mex,; p, 112: pl. XxXxviil, figs. 1-11; (Sinopa) Marruew 1901, Bull. A. M. N. H., Vol. XLV; p.27.
Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1022, palate and fragments of skeleton from the New Mexican Wasatch.
Distinctive characters: M'!-3 = 14mm. No deuterocone on p*; deuterocone of p4 small, submedian. |
This species does not appear to be represented in our collections. Two or three fragments of lower jaws formerly thought to belong to it are now known to be Prolimnocyon. It is clearly distinguished from all the larger species by the characters of the premolars, which are suggestive of the smaller Limnocyonine.
Sinopa, sp. incert.
A number of specimens are not satisfactorily referable to any of the above described forms, but they are too incomplete for diagnosis of new species.
Two lower jaws from the Sand Coulée beds are about the size of S. ?secundaria, but do not agree very closely in other respects either with it or with each other. The same is true of several fragments of jaws from the Gray Bull horizon. |
Geological Range of Lower Kocene Species of Sinopa and Tritemnodon.
Clark Fork Big Horn Wind R. New Mex. gy 1. © Tae! een Ree mee aes 5. & & Bae > a a > Q ee bo fae) Q fq) Q be F3 = E S og . a a 7B 5 ia?) hians | : | Kc : See . strenua | : skies ; % ? whitiae ? i opisthotoma * shoshoniensis ss - multicuspis aes i : viverrina : ? mordax | oont ts vulpecula : a ‘ secundaria : - sp. indet. .
84 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
Tritemnodon whitie (Cope 1882).
Stypolophus strenuus Corr 1881, Bull. Hayd. Sur. No. VI, p. 192 (not S. strenuus Cope 1874); S. whitie Corr 1882, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XX, p. 161; Tertiary
Vertebrata, p. 292, pl. xxvb, figs. 8-14.
Distinctive characters: M,_3 = 22.5; molars compressed, with small heels, enamel smooth; no metacone on m’; small inner heel on p’.
Type, A. M. No. 4781 lower jaw and part of skeleton from the Lost Cabin horizon of the Wind River Basin.
A partial skull and lower jaws No. 4782 from the same horizon and locality has been fully described and figured by Cope. I have seen no additional specimens positively referable. It is approximately intermediate in tooth characters between S. hzans of the Lysite and 7. agilis of the Lower Bridger, although smaller in size than either.
MESONYCHIDE.
This family is typically represented in the Lower Eocene by the genus Pachyena which includes a number of larger and smaller species, and is fairly common. The Paleocene genus Dissacus also survives into the Gray Bull horizon, and the peculiar little Hapalodectes occurs in the Lysite and Lost Cabin levels. |
In discussing the Bridger Mesonychide in 1909, the writer pointed out their aberrant character among Creodonta and resemblances to Artio- dactyla which ought not to be hastily attributed to parallelism. This and other considerations have led Dr. Gregory to view the Artiodactyls as derivatives of some ancient Creodonta near the Mesonychide. The skele- ton characters of Dissacus and Pachyena do not however, lend much sup- port to the argument for this view. Pachyena shows the artiodactyloid characters in a diminished degree, Dzssacus still less. The skeleton of Trusodon is hardly known, but there is a very considerable gap between it and Dissacus in the construction of the teeth — partly bridged by M¢croclenodon. If all these genera are to be included in the one family, it must be regarded as one of very ancient differentiation, but its abnormal characters (for a Creodont) appear to be all adaptive to some peculiar mode of life.
I may repeat that the alleged carrion-eating habits! are not at all indi-
1 Scott, 1913, Land Mammals of the Western Hemisphere, pp. 560-561. Exception must also be taken to Professor Scott’s statements that Pachyena ‘“ retained the epicondylar foramen of the humerus and pentadactyl feet’’ and that Dissacus had sharp claws. It is also doubtful whether the typical species of Dissacus had five functional digits.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 8o
cated by the adaptive features of the teeth. The cusps are blunt-pointed and were subjected to an extreme degree of wear by the nature of the food; but the long slender and rather weak jaw is quite unsuited to crushing bones, and the entire lack of shearing teeth is equally unsuited to cutting flesh or tendons. The hyzena, usually regarded as a typical carrion-eater, has teeth of wholly different character, paralleled by Patriofelis among the Creodonts. The Mesonychid teeth may perhaps have been adapted to crushing fresh-water molluscs or some similar food that would involve a great deal of wear of the cusps without entailing any great strength of Jaw. They certainly are not suited either for bone-crushing or flesh-cutting, nor do they appear suitable for omnivorous or frugivorous habits; they are neither pig-like nor bear-like, and the hoof-like claws are not consonant with digging nor the snout with rooting habits. |
I do not know of any parallel adaptation among modern mammals, but the Fayum Apterodon shows a notable approach to the Mesonychid style of teeth. In this genus, however, if Andrews’s association of the skeletal parts be correct, the limbs indicate some degree of natatorial adaptation, while in. the Mesonychide the adaptation appears to be progressively cursorial. This is not inconsistent with the suggestion of feeding on fresh water mol- luses; the Mesonychide show the cursorial adaptation only in the smaller phyla, which would presumably be inoffensive animals requiring means of escape from carnivorous enemies, while A pterodon if of similar food adapta- tion might readily become aquatic. |
Key to Genera of M esonychide.
A. Molars 3; metaconids well developed, paraconids smaller, especially on psa and
m3; pollex complete in D. saurognathus..............-. +00 555. Dissacus.
B. Molars 3; metaconids vestigial; paraconids large on ps—ms; pollex vestigial. Pachyena.
C. Metaconids absent, paraconids large on p4—Ms.
1. Molars 3; limbs and feet slender, pollex vestigial.......... Synoplotherium. 2. Molars%; limbs and feet very slender, pollex vestigial or absent. . . . Mesonyz. 3. Molars %; limbs and feet short robust, pollex unknown....... Harpagolestes. D. Molars 3; metaconids small, paraconids large on m3 teeth highly compressed ; sleull’ and. ice Slew an te eee ein coy teen spews Hapalodectes.
Dissacus Cope 1881.'
Type, D. navajovius from the Torrejon of New Mexico. Generic distinctions: Metaconids distinct on mis; paraconids weaker especially on m3; pollex (?) complete; humerus with entepicondylar foramen.
1 Amer. Nat., Vol. XV, p. 1018.
86 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
This genus is characteristic of the Torrejon, where it is represented by two species, D. navajovius Cope and saurognathus Wortman. A third species, D. europeus, is recorded from the Cernaysien of France. A small species from the Wasatch was referred to the genus by Osborn and Wortman in 1892, but Matthew in 1909 separated it as a distinct genus Hapalodectes. True Dissacus does, however, appear to be represented by three specimens from the northern Wasatch, one from the Clark Fork, two from the Gray Bull beds. The first represents an undescribed species, the others I cannot separate by any specific distinctions from D. navajovius of the Torrejon.
The European species, Plesidissacus europeus Lemoine, was refigured by Boule in 1903 and referred to Cope’s genus. The type is part of a lower jaw with Ds-Me, and agrees with D. navajovius in size and such characters as can be observed in the figure. It is retained as a distinct species upon Boule’s authority.
Key to Species of Dissacus.
A. Larger species with robust molars, massive jaw, powerful canines and heavy jaw condyles. Limbs robust, feet spreading, pollex complete. 1. Mis = 57 mm.; paraconids large on ps-m2; m; smaller than m2; ms; with small paraconid and reduced heel................... D. saurognathus. B. Smaller species with more compressed molars, canines and jaw condyles smaller and jaw more slender. Limbs slender, feet compressed. 2. My3 = 33 mm., paraconids small on all teeth; m, smaller than mg, heel of ms
Os ees a eons D. navajovius. 3. Mis = 38 mm., paraconids somewhat larger, m, as large as me, heel of m; BPOCUCCU th a ee es yo a D. navajovius longevus.
4. Molars intermediate in size between D. navajovius and saurognathus, para- conids more reduced than in either, metacone of ms, vestigial. D. prenuntius.
Dissacus navajovius longevus mut. nov.
Type, 15732, a lower jaw with ps—ms, from the Gray Bull beds of Shoshone River in the Big Horn Basin.
Distinctive characters: Mi_3 = 38 mm., m; as large as ms, m3 smaller with reduced heel, paraconids larger than in D. NAVAJOVIUS.
The type consists of a nearly complete left ramus. A second specimen, No. 15229, comprises parts of the lower jaws of a young individual with milk premolars and mi». On account of the individual variation among speci- mens from the Torrejon referred to D. navajovius, I regard this as represent- ing rather a progressive mutant than a distinct species. Although the metaconid is not more reduced than in the Torrejon specimens, the propor-
tions of the molars and size of the paraconid constitute an approach towards Pachyena.
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 87<
The milk dentition has not hitherto been known in this genus. The first premolar is one-rooted, and belongs apparently to the permanent series. The appearance of the first permanent premolar with or shortly after the succeeding milk premolars has also been observed by Wortman in Hyenodon. Dp» is small, compressed, two-rooted, with indistinct heel; dps and dps are narrow elongate compressed teeth with large anterior cusps (paraconids) and long trenchant heels, both paraconid and heel being relatively much larger than in the true molars, while the protoconid is small. They differ widely from the corresponding teeth in Pachyena gigantea (see p. 97) both in proportions and the development of paraconid and heel; the milk denti- tion of the smaller species of Pachyena is not known.
Dissacus prenuntius sp. nov.
Type, No. 16069, upper and lower teeth and fragments from Clark Fork Beds, Wyoming. ) |
Distinctive characters: Smaller than D. saurognathus; larger than D. navajovius; paraconids of molars much.smaller than in either species; metacone of m° vestigial.
This species is represented by but a single individual. The reduction of the anterior basal cusps on py and on the molars preserved would seem to be a primitive character, preserved on m3 in D. saurognathus and navajovius, but not on ps-ms. In the present species the paraconid is much more reduced on ps, and is quite small on two incomplete molars which are, probably but not certainly, me right and left. The first upper molar is decidedly smaller than the m! of D. saurognathus,' about equally larger than the corresponding tooth in D. navajovius, and closely resembles the m! of Pachyena. The distal end of the humerus, the patella, tuber calcis and two phalanges indicate a species scarcely exceeding D. navajovius in size of limbs and feet, although the teeth are so much larger.
Pachyena Cope 1874.
Type, P. ossifraga from Wasatch of New Mexico. ; Generic characters: Molars $; metaconids vestigial ; paraconids large on ps-Ms; pollex much reduced, probably vestigial.
Although originally described from a New Mexican specimen this genus is practically limited to the Gray Bull horizon of the Big Horn Wasatch. No additional specimens have been found in New Mexico nor in the later
1 M2? of Osborn and Earle’s figure. 2 Rep. Vert. Foss. New Mex., p. 13.
88 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXIV,
horizons of the Wyoming Wasatch. It has not been found in the Clark Fork beds, and a single tooth is the only representative from the Sand Coulée beds. Dr. Loomis, however, reports finding it in the upper levels of the Big Horn Wasatch. 3 | ; From the Gray Bull beds a number of skulls, jaws and skeletons all in a
eae ae; a, ‘ iS on se Gs Say ae 1a S
tI
P. gigantea M2—p3
P. ponderosa Me—-p4
Fig. 78. Pachyena, lower teeth of four species, outer views, half natural size. All from Gray Buil beds, Big Horn Basin, Wyoming.
more or less fragmentary condition have been secured by the various expedi- tions, and the osteology of the type species is fairly well known from the material now at hand. Three well distinguished species are represented, which agree approximately both in size and proportions with the three generic types of the Middle Eocene — Harpagolestes, Synoplotherium and Mesonyx. It seems probable that these three species of Pachyena are ancestral to the three Bridger genera, but in the absence of mtermediate links it cannot be regarded as proven.
The tetradactyl manus and pes sharply distinguish this genus from Dissacus saurognathus. In 1909 I stated with regard to P. ossifraga that: “The number of digits is not certainly known, but the structure of limb bones and foot bones as well as of the teeth is so much more like that of Mesonyx than of Dissacus, that there is little doubt that the feet were
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 89.
tetradactyl and digitigrade. Wortman, following Cope’s erroneous deter- mination of the humerus belonging to this species, regards it as penta- dactyl.”" This inference is now proven correct by the fore and hind feet of P. ossifraga herein described. The character is probably generic, although it remains inferential for the large P. gigantea. Dissacus navajovius on the other hand may have been tetradactyl. The limb and foot bones are in- completely known but indicate proportions much more slender and feet more compressed than in the large species.
Pachyena gracilis sp. nov.
Type, No. 15729 lower jaws; paratype No. 15729, teeth and part of skeleton: both from the Gray Bull beds of the Big Horn Basin, Wyoming. |
Distinctive characters: Total length of jaw = 244 mm.; canines and condyle much smaller, cheek teeth somewhat smaller and less robust than in P. ossifraga. Skeleton one-fourth smaller throughout, limbs somewhat more slender.
The most obvious difference from P. ossifraga lies in the much smaller jaw, scarcely two-thirds the length of Cope’s species, with relatively thin and shallow ramus, short symphysis, small and slender canines, and small condyles. The cheek teeth are little less in length, but they are more com- pressed, with less robust cusps. ‘The paratype shows the limbs and feet to be smaller than in P. ossifraga, and somewhat more slender; the feet do not, however, attain the slender proportions of Mesonyx but are more like Synop- lotherium. ‘The astragalus is like that of P. osszfraga, slightly wider and shorter necked. Metacarpal II and metatarsal II are like those of P. ossifraga, and indicate that both pollex and hallux were reduced to small vestigial nodules.
Measurements of P. gracilis.
No. 15728 Lower jaw, meisive alveolus to condyles: =. 2.0.5 6..0.5 2.20... 244 GRO bose, eo PURO MGS s Souad ee Re ek | 32 if 3 DPR Sak Cases CARR. Ee ATES RS REND SRT oe ae 36 sf f Temertla of death, lige fis oe Ee a See 155 is " i " TN 5g ars epee Pe Nee LS sg BV ana et aha hee Bk tS. Cal 132 as as ig um LOG RIG YAM Sotbee eniiceneaen Fatal Cl UMmeERu mt ny AAC ian ane ante sor eae Mee c rr tae 60 P; diameters hs Wear, ce hee ee a ie te eRe a iF OW tere, Gat ames’ P; ne REA es ox; PT NST RUE? MAURICE EN, ates AUER 19.3 X 8.4 M, i CORON Nr oat ta tc Lg ae anaeS, CaAkek re 19.8 X 8.8 M, gy Joa) FAIR ai Ty SUD NCR HR SORENESS fo AR Cee Bey 213K OS : ? M ut US dicy Py 6th Rasa ge Onde Mai te ig Ga ahs aa Parte 200 7 Net No. 15729 Upper canines, tenet det 8000) Fess to ee a is 82.5
e bh ae a em Gea ee Oe UIE ag Ve? ON aig Nina w tna ge: wk Ss 1 ee ie aa by Beg
eae
1Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 491.
[Vol. XXXIV,
Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
90
‘uIsegq WIOP{ SIq ‘Spoq [Ing ABI ‘OZIS TRINA SPJTy{-0OM ‘MeUf JoMOT ‘WoTITOedS ody ‘s21710046 DuMAYIDT "6L ‘BLA
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Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas.
1915.|
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4, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History
[Vol. XXXIV, Pachyena ossifraga Cope 1874 Syn., P. intermedia Wortman 1899
Vert. New Mex., p. 94, pl. xxxix, fig. 10; (Mesonyx) 1882, Pal. Bull. 34, Proc. Am xxvild.
Pachyena ossifraga Corre 1874, Rep. Vert. Foss. New Mex., p. 15; 1877, Ext Phil. Soe., XX, p. 165; 1885, Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 362, pl. xxvilia, xxviiib, xxviiic
\ ‘ \ ' | |
~
7 /
a /
Y Ne Gitte } ‘ fi
i CZ WIT J | ‘ ACG (| zz a
\ 1&y yp Pn Me ease mY Fig. 81.
Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
ere eas ee ee
Pachyena ossifraga, palatal view of skull, one-third natural size.
No. 15730,
1915.] Matthew and Granger, Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River Faunas. 93
Pachyena ossifraga OSBORN (& WorTMAN) 1892, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 112, fig. 11B; Matrrarw 1909, Mem. A. M. N. H., vol. IX, p. 489, 491, text fig. 91.
Pachyena intermedia WORTMAN 1899, tbid., Vol. XII, p. 147; Matrrurw 1909, /. c. (type only).
Type, U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 1096, an upper molar (m!, 1.) from the New Mexican Wasatch. Metatype, No. 4262 an incomplete skull, jaws and parts of skeleton from the Big Horn Wasatch.
Type of P. intermedia, No. 2854 an upper jaw fragment with m?~ from the Big Horn Wasatch.
Distinctive characters: Size-medium, lower jaw 360 mm. in total length. Skull and jaws elongate, canines massive, condyles heavy. Limbs long and moderately slender, feet digitigrade tetradactyl. Metacones of upper molars moderately reduced, m3 smaller than m! but variable in size.
A skull, No. 15730, and a skeleton, No. 16154, from the Gray Bull beds are referred to this species. Both are fragmentary and incomplete but the bone well preserved and uncrushed, and they add considerable to what has hitherto been known of the morphology of Pachyena. A number of upper and lower jaws and jaw fragments are also referable.
Pachyena intermedia of Wortman I am unable to separate specifically from P. ossifraga, although it is somewhat smaller than the skull and skeleton described by Cope (A. M. No. 4262) and the last molar slightly more reduced. It agrees more nearly with the skull and skeleton Nos. 15730, 16154, which in turn agree closely with the type of P. ossifraga. No. 4262 is a more robust individual, and the series of upper and lower jaws referred to the species show all kinds of intermediate conditions between these extremes. The hind limb referred to intermedia by Matthew in 1909 is undoubtedly of a distinct species from ossifraga; but it belongs not to intermedia, but to the smaller species P. gracilis described above.
The skull, No. 15730, as restored, is of very peculiar proportions. The mesocranial region is greatly elongate, the distance between m; and the postglenoid process exceeding the distance from canine to ms; _ the glenoid articulations are very large, project far downward, and are, for a carnivore, set far back. The anterior border of the orbit is above the posterior end of m’, The posterior nares open a little behind m3, are very narrow and constricted, the pterygoid plates set near together. The proportions of the skull resemble those of Harpagolestes rather than Mesonyx. In the Cope skull (No. 4262) the posterior part has been telescoped and crowded together by crushing so that these proportions are not brought out. The skull of H. macrocephalus as figured by Wortman appears to be of about the same proportions except that the face is shorter and. broader.
The feet in No. 16154 are nearly as progressive as those of Synoplo-
94 - Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. © [Vol. XXXIV,
therium and Mesonyz. The trapezium and entocuneiform are reduced to about the same extent, and as in those genera have small facets for the first digit, which in the hind foot is clearly a small nodule indicated by a pit for its reception on mt. II. In the fore foot the pollex was probably also a vestigial nodule, as the facet for its articulation on the trapezium is quite small. The second metacarpal has much heavier shaft than the third or fourth, while the fifth is decidedly shorter than the fourth with about the
Fig. 82. Pachyena ossifraga, fore-foot bones, natural size, a, proximal view of manus, 6, inner view, c, distal view of trapezium showing the small facet for vestigial pollex. From skeleton No. 16154, Gray Bull beds of Big Horn Basin.
same weight of shaft. In the hind foot the fifth digit is much smaller than the others, but its length is not preserved, the second has a somewhat heavier shaft than the third and fourth. The distal ends of the metapodials and the phalanges show the same features as Mesonyx. The most obvious
primitive character is the relative shortness and breadth of the astragalus and flatness of its trochlea.
°
| ae N ‘iN
mA Ay
oY | al
; [ ‘on i “nt i
Fig. 83. Pachyena ossifraga, foot bones, natural size; 1, a, dorsal view of pes, b, inner view, c, distal view of trapezium showing small facet for mt. 1; 2, phalanges of hind foot; 3, phalanges of fore foot. Skeleton No. 16154, Gray Bull beds, Big Horn Basin.
96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.
Measurements.
Skull (as restored) length, canine to condyles..................-... ee ea ° Wid E-weress arches... 22. f eg ee we Se CLepobais eit: CMC e ICING HIG 253 oo, Woe a ee Bee ses Wives AE Palate, width ‘ “ a GSE on rey eng nin SueMen a cecrarar a Ve er eee distanee of posterior nares behind m®*.... 22.6... .....6.5 6.26 tA On ep@eberlor Areal OVENMIG 0... ack. ae aa wees ay os Glenoid articutetion, dias, (7 <1.) orien eee ee ee eee be Ayeomatie afen, depth al, middle... hie oP eo el a Upper BOC Ue neem eS ok ae eee i WORCMNCH yo eRe he Sy Orin holes Cotas arma sed Sie SS INO Pelion IRs Meee het Sone.) Me CU Aili Sn a MIA Bae aa, ‘Camime | Gaaiiebels (a9. thts. ace Se cha eee BS ea fs C eepe : ea ai ENED, yg OS SEO RCO Uo or ee) aS ae es : Prise ear Sane ne heats epee ee beet ys ule 3 = Poe eae AUP RL RONAE Oe ome OO tel ACen a ea “am! “ ES REEMA RU Ste Seey mR Ce ede aaa iene 00% < i RIE 6 Gn RINE (PSUR | YARRA e
66 m? (7 é¢
Beaptila, diamebers Of slenoid Cavity <5... <<. ee ee bbe te Fiumners, ciameters Gi proximal.end.. 1.6 fe Se ec i 2 CAP et ah See hk yee eo eae Ch Se
Radius, circumference of shaft 66
eral legetne mere hee same, test 4) "ees ete upice: . 86) eee feu bey wi: CLeipretke™ «4 6% some tel 6
diameters of proximal end Ze distal
Ulna, length of olecranon 66
Bin ies OiNOe (9-4 er es 203 0! Cen tes bie. /Jem sy aha e Je) | |e, eel) electrode! ie. hee Ee! len Verulel ie Op eu Rex ey, cae (8) |e yg enbses 6a OL, wbiah ne.) (01 Wen Lei elfeiyce sa (ex? 0) gH let {bse a. eh leli ee fon a Beale laet ee) ke
ONO Lele wOn enn ey Perarie\. |e elton rv Ner ters) 204 e\ en Cots: Gert e ne 1's} ren eis bier ie. ‘ata eke lee i tomer te
CHAMP T ers OF GleCranOI:. coe dee co No on ti. 2 Here foot, total length (approx.)
6¢
Sener Mer Sle Or 8) 267 TOvM wee leis: Oke AO biullor tos we- ie) ico), a) Nef ile piat let Seana ele ce He7 Jey O20 mene ares Key 10!) SHlone emi Ss.ef) ro mort aide) Werhiey -e oie 6 be cnek le freuiet bah mar te oie force, eiee tense fe SPC OIRSaN SL Fe) cere Om ee 2762p es 6 Ae peter eS) Pie, Sel atens el Ney er. o" Naeer se-.1'6. 7.97 Jom ah) @ linet). . tet ol ter re Oh Ae. Oem s9e RON Ohe OES Biter or etaneh” i) Woke igetjver re. ce. cal e\nia.” sorties pie \eieyiiek) oy erat Peters eo tel Le
6c 66 66 a9 6c V
iON 18) erie) tie Aisin res is ue twia ble. ai orineny Sh) emiee 16in Gel le, Kew erl en Loifitanelue, <0.) wivier teil ie let! ey el sole) le
f “ diameters of Ist phalanx, digit II, length x width....... (79 (<3 (a5 6c 2ond (a5 6c 66 ce (<3 ; (<9 ce 6e (a5 ungual (7 (54 ¢ 66 ce
Femur, diameter of head (caput) 66
Ol ea none domaers 01 8), 14, fon ten “al -ehke. Jee! hen rey ue. tie. sed e sacual ey Sobie mated lie. seca% 6
diameters of distal end (crushed) . total length.
Oe h Ge 8% SRO AOL BO 0> eo. eet tela. Ley Neil Aat Ja)" make Met Me. Nes Se Cae et er Pa eek is a ene e te RS 1 Ae serge: 38 kee Hoe ewe) deter Gels) 1e7mer he: fe. ile. neue! $o.. ornate ellen Rete Gabler er ale teuuay ue
Pee Nien Te eae Tes toe Sy Sey Om aeumea ney es (ai ery le oltrergtel Wao Mew Tel is\Ac'e-\, ous SMe. cd6 ew ce) ge, Tattee VarThre. Gr ete 1S a eee, OL OA eNCen A ARS mine ce tere om SLO: Stet. wel melle eet eh en te) matt les weld ache
Sah erences OM Bet eo Cee PL (6-8) Jace, <b) Swale tie pe sel re, ehh (oie ental ne eerie sopra ie, vel mal we
PES URN AUS Noma ten hen oe aes ea Sah yoy Vo Uae ome ee oe width of body
(73 6c
etic Joe Sr: cages erm. S ees LOE S' Aa heared POs an Cmte. fete felln'el tea ey BAN Gr, 76) et tee tenia: eatat St Vetere, Scan, “6
OA NOL ane ete: Ol 6 ehs. -ei Peres Ol lw ley 1 16 he kee Mar ee Ren te) ie! eee, So. Ve
Calcaneum, length 6é
Testo Se Winn NeW wad Crm bcea vi Sie ah Ss NASER Cat Sh hetamelane tee; 462 Neen e) 136. roy ernie raitye) kr @teaw herder ment oi rel teat geet binet eh ac By
AG eek Or RE Sls Oa Shee. VOLT OR We ALO NOG cre ee: Hte TUSK by tele ret Latcesike eee) rz
[Vol. XXXIV,
No. 15730
410
22.
xX 52.5
x 7.
12.5 X 8.5 io X 9.0 15.8 X 14.5 ato 16.9 18.7 X 19.4 13.8 K 15.1
No. 16154
30.
xX 23.
.O X 45. x 34.
.O